common bacterial pathogens

Question 1

Gram + cocci to know (2 families with 3 and then 5 subtypes)

Answer 1

Staph family (aureus, SSNA, epidermis), Step and relatives (pyogenies, pneumonia, viridiaans, enterococcus faecalis/faecium)

Question 2

which G+ cocci is associated in chains or pairs

Answer 2

strep

Question 3

which gram + cocci are catalase + and which are catalase -

Answer 3

+= staph and - = strep

Question 4

gram + rods (1 family and 4 subtypes)

Answer 4

Clostridium (difficile, tetani, botulinum, perfringen)

Question 5

gram - rods aerobic and facultative (2)

Answer 5

e coli and pesudeomonas aeruginosa

Question 6

gram - diplo cocci (1)

Answer 6

neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 7

anaerobes (2)

Answer 7

clostridia and bacteroides

Question 8

2 intracellular bacteria

Answer 8

rickettsia chlamydia

Question 9

2 bacteria w/o cell walls

Answer 9

mycoplasma and ureaplasma

Question 10

6 ways staphylococcus aureus can present

Answer 10

cutaneous infection, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, pneumonia, foreign-body associated infections, bacteremia and endocarditis

Question 11

how does the staph cutaneous infection look and what is it usually associated with

Answer 11

localized abscess with foreign body at site

Question 12

treating a staph cutaneous infection

Answer 12

drain absecess

Question 13

toxic shock syndrome- pathogen, characteristic way to ID and what happens if you survive the initial phase

Answer 13

s. aureus… systemic manifestations with a characteristic rash that looks like a sunburn over any part of the body and peels off after 10-14 days

Question 14

s aureus is more common in what group of patients

Answer 14

immunocompromised and especially inpatient

Question 15

why does s aureus grow with foreign body

Answer 15

it gives it a surface to grow on– biofilms

Question 16

one of the most common isolates from blood cultures associated with concurrent foreign body infections or soft tissue infections is…

Answer 16

s. aureus

Question 17

3 viruelnce factors in s aureus

Answer 17

coagulase, alpha toxin, superantigen toxins

Question 18

what does coagulase do

Answer 18

essential virulence factor that helps form fibrin capsule and depsit fibrin on cell surface to disrupt phagocytosis

Question 19

alpha toxin how does it work

Answer 19

major cytotoxic agent – beta barrel toxin family that forms pores

Question 20

superantigen toxins from s aureus can lead to what

Answer 20

staph TSS, TSS, and food poisoning

Question 21

antibiotic resistance and s. aureus (first 3 in chronological order and most important)

Answer 21

SUPER CONCERNING first penicillin, then methicillin, and most recently vancomycin but methicillin is most important

Question 22

staphylococcus epidermidis is the prototype of what or what

Answer 22

SSNA or CNA (coagulase negative staphylococcus)

Question 23

S epidermidis is normally ___ but is often associated with

Answer 23

in skin flora and not pathogenic but associated with localized infections and foreign bodies– especially thing endocarditis

Question 24

why is it hard to treat s epidermidis

Answer 24

antibiotic resitance and limited accessibility with biofilms

Question 25

who produces slime? what is it?

Answer 25

3 pathogenic members of staphylococcus epidermis-- its an extracellular glycocalyx that allows for adherence to implanted devices and helps form a biofilm

Question 26

another name for strep. progenies (and how is it usually found)

Answer 26

group A strep GAS found as pairs or chains

Question 27

2 ways s. pyrogenes presents

Answer 27

pharyngeal infection or skinwond infections

Question 28

compare strep vs staph skin infections

Answer 28

strep forms a spreading cutaneous cellulitis whereas staph is more of a localized abscess that gets walled off

Question 29

Virulence factors of group A strep

Answer 29

M protein and hydrolytic enzymes

Question 30

what are strep M proteins (how many subgroups and 3 functions)

Answer 30

over 70 serotypes, surface protein that inhibits phagocytosis and killing by PMNs while also enhancing adherence

Question 31

2 possible post strep diseases

Answer 31

glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever

Question 32

pathology of post GAS glomerulonephritis and how long does it last

Answer 32

antigen-antibody complexes buildup in the basement membrane of the glomerulus and accumulate leading to complement mediated damage of the kidney (SELF LIMITING)

Question 33

main reason we treat group A pharyngeal strep

Answer 33

rheumatic fever

Question 34

what is rheumatic fever

Answer 34

fever and inflammation of heart joints and other tissues

Question 35

why are humans not getting resistance to group A strep if they all have surface M protein

Answer 35

70 serotypes so a lot of antigenetic differences

Question 36

strep pneumonia can have 2 groups of presentations, what are they

Answer 36

invasive or noninvasive

Question 37

non invasive presentation of strep pneumonia (4)

Answer 37

pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis

Question 38

invasive presentations of strep pneumonia (3)

Answer 38

meningitis, bacteremia/septicemia, pneumonia with septicemia

Question 39

one of most common causes of bacterial pneumonia in all age groups AND worldwide is

Answer 39

streptococcus pneumonia

Question 40

main virulence factor of strep pneumonia

Answer 40

antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule with 91 different antigenic types

Question 41

tell me about the adult streptococcus pneumonia vaccine (2 names)

Answer 41

pneumovas or PPSV23, known as pneumonia vaccine but does not protect against pneumonia, protects against invasive disease in elderly and immunocompromised adults

Question 42

kids streptococcus pneumonia vaccines (2 kinds), what 2 other things does it do

Answer 42

hepta valent (prevnar) and 13 valent (prevnar 13) thats super good at reducing disease. ALSO confers herd immunity and reduces vaccine type pneumococcal carriage across all age groups

Question 43

streptococcus pneumonia is becoming resistant to what

Answer 43

penicillin

Question 44

recovery/immunity is from what in streptoccosu pneumonia

Answer 44

anti-capsular antibody

Question 45

predisposing factors to s. pneumonia

Answer 45

young, old, alcoholism (via mucociliary defect) or respiratory viral infection

Question 46

commensal strep species

Answer 46

viridans

Question 47

viridans streptococci is a major cause of

Answer 47

bacterial endocarditis

Question 48

where do you normally find viridans streptococci

Answer 48

mouth

Question 49

which streptococci is associated with dental shit

Answer 49

viridans

Question 50

staphylococcus aureus is normally found where

Answer 50

anterior nares and perineum

Question 51

staphylococcus epidermidis is normally found where

Answer 51

skin flora

Question 52

streptococcus pneumonia is normally found where

Answer 52

upper respiratory tract in some people

Question 53

major streptococcus viridans virulence factor and how it works

Answer 53

detrains that are good for adhering to teeth and oral tissues but also then can adhere to fibrin and platelet deposits on damaged heart valves

Question 54

enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium cause infections where

Answer 54

UTI, surgical wounds, biliary tract, endocarditis

Question 55

usually you see enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium as

Answer 55

a mixed infection of several organisms including anaerobes

Question 56

which member of the strep family is associated with nosocomial infections

Answer 56

enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium

Question 57

its important to distinguish between enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium and strep because of

Answer 57

emerging resistance especially to vancomycin and intrinsic resistance

Question 58

enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium is a common commensal where

Answer 58

intestines of healthy humans

Question 59

enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium resistance that you're most worried about

Answer 59

vancomycin- VRE