LECTURE 1- intro to bugs and drugs

Question 1

function of a didid cell wall

Answer 1

resist osmotic lysis and maintain cell shape

Question 2

who determines shape

Answer 2

intracellular cytoskeletal elements and cell wall

Question 3

FstZ is similar to what in euks

Answer 3

tubulin

Question 4

where is FtsZ localized

Answer 4

around the cytokinetic ring

Question 5

function of FtsZ

Answer 5

division

Question 6

MreB and ParM euk homolog

Answer 6

actin

Question 7

localization of MreB

Answer 7

throughout in a spiral-

Question 8

function of MreB

Answer 8

shape, polarity, and chromosome segregation

Question 9

CreS homolog in euks

Answer 9

intermediate filamets

Question 10

localized CreS

Answer 10

along 1 side to curve

Question 11

CreS function

Answer 11

shape

Question 12

peptidoglycan is repeating what 2 sugars

Answer 12

N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc)

Question 13

cross linking of MurNAc in g- is

Answer 13

DAP

Question 14

cross linking of MurNAc in g+ is

Answer 14

L-Lys

Question 15

who has more cross linking of polypeptide (g+ or -)

Answer 15

G+

Question 16

lysoszyme hydrolyzes peptidoglycan by cleaving between what

Answer 16

MurNAc and GlcNAc

Question 17

thin sparsely cross linked peptidoglycan layer is g+ or g-?

Answer 17

negative

Question 18

outermsmbrane of gram negative

Answer 18

lipid bilyaer of LPS, lipoproteis, and porosins

Question 19

functions of g- outer membrane

Answer 19

barrier to antibiotic entry, protects from detergents

Question 20

where is LPS in g- bacteria

Answer 20

outer leaflet of outer membrane

Question 21

somatic antigens (aka O antigen) where

Answer 21

outer membrane of G-

Question 22

g+ peptidoglycan has what else

Answer 22

teichoic acids

Question 23

what is teichoic acids

Answer 23

repeating polyglycerol P or polyribitol P backbone that can be substituted

Question 24

purpose of lipoteichoic acids

Answer 24

anchor cell wall to membrane

Question 25

peritrichous flagella

Answer 25

distributed over suface

Question 26

clockwise flagella moves how

Answer 26

tumbling

Question 27

counterclockwise flagella -->

Answer 27

swimming

Question 28

H antigens are how what gets classified

Answer 28

enteric bacteria on flagella

Question 29

pili are important for

Answer 29

adherence (unless sex pili- then conjugation)

Question 30

G- cytoplasmic membrane is where

Answer 30

inner membrane

Question 31

differece in lipid by layer from bacteria and euks

Answer 31

bacteria have NO sterols and more protein content (60-70%)

Question 32

6 functions of cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 32

selective permeability, electron transport system, metabolite transport, biosynthesis of lipids and envelope proteins, dan replication, flagellar rotation

Question 33

what can get through the cytoplasmic membrane win bacteria

Answer 33

uncharbed hydrophobic smaller than glycerol

Question 34

ribosome in bacteria that does protein syntehsis

Answer 34

70S

Question 35

R factors

Answer 35

plasmids encoding for resistance

Question 36

phage conversion

Answer 36

change in phenotype of a host bacterium because a gene from phage gets expressed in host

Question 37

what phase of growth cycle is bacteria most resistant to antibiotics

Answer 37

stationary

Question 38

heterotrophic

Answer 38

get carbon from somewhere else

Question 39

autotrophic

Answer 39

turn CO2 into organic carbon

Question 40

fastidious

Answer 40

bacteria missing at least 1 biosynthetic pathway so need growth factors

Question 41

aerobe and example

Answer 41

requires oxygen, cannot ferment, mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 42

anaerobe and 2 examples

Answer 42

killed by oxygen, fermentative , clostridium and bacteroides

Question 43

indifferent define and example

Answer 43

ferments with or without oxygen, streptococcus pyogenes

Question 44

facultative and 2 examples

Answer 44

respires with O2 and ferments without it, E. coli and staph. aureus

Question 45

microaerophilic+ ex

Answer 45

grows best at low O2 concentrations and can grow without it, campylobacter jejuni

Question 46

who produces catalase

Answer 46

things that grow with oxygen

Question 47

pathogenic anaerobes are most likely

Answer 47

aerotolerant

Question 48

energy currency

Answer 48

2 forms- ATP for biosynthetic reactions and electrochemical gradients for other functions, convertible via ATPase in membrane

Question 49

who gives reducing power

Answer 49

NADH and NADPH

Question 50

heterogrophic bacteria get energy and reducing power via

Answer 50

respiration or fermentation

Question 51

fermentation who is e donor and acceptor, who does it

Answer 51

organic compounds, NO net oxidation of substrate occurs, anaerobic, facultative, and indifferent

Question 52

respiration includes what cell organ

Answer 52

mitochondria

Question 53

how does respiration generate ATp

Answer 53

electron transport with O as final electron acceptor

Question 54

how does anaerobic respiration work

Answer 54

nitrate or nitrate work as final e acceptor

Question 55

low levels of what 3 elements--> sporulation

Answer 55

C N aP

Question 56

how do spores go from spree to cells

Answer 56

germination to become vegetative cells, occurs when in good conditions

Question 57

b-lactams- what do they target, 2 ex

Answer 57

penicillins, cephalosporins, inhibit final transpeptidation run during peptidoglycan cross linking

Question 58

vancomycin inhibits what

Answer 58

elongating peptidogylcan change by using lipid-linked intermediates during an intermediate step of peptidoglycan syntehsis

Question 59

cycloserine inhibits what

Answer 59

alanine racemase so you can't form a muramyl pentapeptide-- intermediate win peptidoglycan synthesis

Question 60

polymyxins how do they work

Answer 60

cationic surfactants that fuck up outer and cytoplasmic membranes, less active on mammalian cells--- TAGETS OUTER AND CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

Question 61

3 classes of antibiotics that are cell wall active

Answer 61

beta lactams, vancomycin, cycloserine

Question 62

4 antibiotic classes that inhibit protein synthesis at the ribosomal level

Answer 62

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides

Question 63

2 antibiotic classes that inhibit nucleic acid syntehsis

Answer 63

quinolines and rifampicin

Question 64

4 antibiotic classes that are metabolic inhibitors

Answer 64

sulfonamides, trimethroprim, isoniazid, metronidazole

Question 65

how do amino glycosides work

Answer 65

bind to target proteins in 30s to inhibit protein syntehsis

Question 66

6 aminoglycosides

Answer 66

streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, neomycin, tobramycin, amikacin

Question 67

how do tetracyclines work

Answer 67

reversibly bind 30S and prevent binding of amioacyl tRNA

Question 68

chloramphenicol how does it work

Answer 68

reversibly binds 50S and precents peptidyl transferase and peptide bond formation

Question 69

macrolides- 2 exm and how do they work

Answer 69

erythromycin and lincomycins, bind 23S on 50 S to inhibit peptidyl transferase

Question 70

how do quinolines work

Answer 70

inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase

Question 71

rifampicin how does it work

Answer 71

inhibits RNA polymerase and fucks with txn initiation

Question 72

sulfonamides are structural analogs of what

Answer 72

PABA in folic acid

Question 73

why do bacteria need folic acid derivatives

Answer 73

for 1 carbon transfer reactions in compound synthesis

Question 74

how do sulfonamides work

Answer 74

compete with folic acid to prevent nuclear acid syntehsis

Question 75

where do humans get folic acid

Answer 75

from bacteria, we can't make our own

Question 76

trimethroprim works how

Answer 76

interferes with folic acid metabolism by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, can be toxic to humans!

Question 77

ionized how does ti work

Answer 77

blocks lipid synthesis in mycobacteria

Question 78

metronidazole intereferes with

Answer 78

anaerobic metabolism