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HD2 > Common Childhood Infectiojs > Flashcards

Common Childhood Infectiojs Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Why do bacteria cause morbidity and mortality

A

Toxins
Host Immunopathology

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2
Q

Bacterial Exotoxin

A

Proteins secreted by pathogen

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3
Q

How does cholera cause diarrhoea

A

Toxin increases cAMP causing Cl- to enter gut lumen from cells via CFTR, water follow Cl-

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4
Q

How do cholera and diphtheria cause disease

A

Exotoxins

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5
Q

How does diphtheria toxin cause disease

A

Inhibits protein synthesis in heart and nerves

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6
Q

Bacterial Endotoxin

A

Lipopolysaccharides in outer membrane of gram negative bacteria released during lysis

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7
Q

How do endotoxins cause harm

A

Cause macrophage activation

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8
Q

Biggest cause of sepsis

A

Meningitis

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9
Q

Shock

A

Inadequate perfusion of internal organs

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10
Q

Why does shock cause tachycardia and Tachypnoea

A

Trying to perfuse internal organs

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11
Q

How do endotoxins cause meningococcal disease

A

Activate inflammatory cascade causing myocardial depression, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulopathy

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12
Q

What temperature is a fever

A

> 38*c

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13
Q

Types of temperature measurement and how they differ from rectal core temp

A

Rectal
Ear - similar
Mouth - 0.5 lower
Axillary - 1 lower

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14
Q

Why are children effected by infections differently to adults

A

Immunological immaturity
Lack of memory cells
Thinner skin
Shorter airways
Flatter shorter Eustachian tube
Increased exposure at nursery, etc
Decreased hygiene
Not fully vaccinated

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15
Q

Why are serious infections sometimes missed in babies

A

Non specific presentations

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16
Q

Organisms that cause septicaemia and meningitis

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningtidis B and C
Haemophilus influenzae B

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17
Q

Important gram positive organisms - 3 cocci, 4 bacilli

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Corynebacterium
Bacillus
Listeria
Clostridium
BLESSCC
SSE cocci
CCLB bacilli

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18
Q

Types of clostridium

A

Tetani
Botulinum
Difficile

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19
Q

Types of bacillus

A

Cereus
Anthracis

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20
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae arrangement

A

Diplococci

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21
Q

Immune defects increasing pneumococcal infection

A

Absent/non functional spleen
Hypogammaglobulinaemia
HIV

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22
Q

Are acute otitis media, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and pneumonia invasive or non invasive

A

Non invasive

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23
Q

Are septicaemia, meningitis, peritonitis, arthritis, and osteomyelitis invasive or non invasive

A

Invasive

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24
Q

How does pneumococcus cause otitis media

A

Travels from back of throat to ear along Eustachian tube -> middle ear infection -> pus buildup behind ear drum -> eardrum bursts and pus comes out of ear

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25
What can cause ear discharge in otitis media
Pus buildup behind tympanic membrane until tympanic membrane bursts
26
Invasive disease
Breaks mucosa
27
What organism causes empyema
Pneumococcus
28
Empyema management
Chest drain Urokinase Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery
29
Septic arthritis management
Surgically open joint and wash out with saline Antibiotics
30
Does the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine or pneumococcal conjugate vaccine get a better response in young children
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
31
What is the effect of serotypre replacement from vaccination
Rates of disease serotypes not vaccinated against increase
32
2 types of fungi pathogens
Yeasts Moulds
33
What types of fungal disease are opportunistic
Invasive mycoses
34
3 classes of Protozoa
Sporozoa Amoebae Flagellates
35
5 main malaria species
p. Falciparum P. Vivax P. Ovale P. Malarias P. Knowlesi
36
What stage of the malaria lifecycle causes malaria symptoms
Schizont rupture
37
Severe malaria disease
Anaemia Respiratory distress Cerebral malaria Hypoglycaemia
38
Malaria treatment
Artemisin derivatives
39
Advantages and disadvantages of artemisin derivatives in malaria treatment
+ more effective than quinine, more rapid parasitaemia decr - emerging resistance
40
Is viral DNA and RNA single or double stranded
Double DNA - except parvovirus Single RNA - except retroviruses
41
Difference between positive and negative polarity RNA
Positive can be translated into protein immediately by cells Negative must be converted to positive by RNA polymerase before translation
42
How are most viruses diagnosed now
PCR
43
Why are viruses Obligate intracellular parasites
Totally dependent on cells they infect for energy, metabolic intermediates, and most enzymes
44
Steps in viral life cycle
Attachment Entry Uncoating Synthesis of viral components Assembly and release
45
What type of viruses are measles, mumps, rubella, RSV, influenza, parainfluenza, Covid, hep C, and HIV
Enveloped RNA
46
What type of viruses Are papillomavirus, adenovirus, and parvovirus
Non enveloped DNA - PAP
47
What type of viruses are herpes, hep B, and poxviruses
Enveloped DNA
48
What types of virus are rotavirus, enterociruses, and Hep A
Non enveloped RNA
49
Herpes viruses
Herpes simplex Varicella zoster CMV Epstein Barr HHV 6/7/8
50
Signs of Herpes simplex in adults
Cold sore Hepatic whitlow
51
2 main presentations of Herpes simplex in neonates
Disseminated HSV - sepsis-like, hepatitis, coagulopathy HSV encephalitis - fever, seizures, Haemorrhagic infarction of white matter and cortex
52
How is viral infection different in early life to adult
More severe disease More likely to become chronic Prolonged shedding
53
CMV in adults
Self limiting, sub clinical or mononucleosis like illness only severe in immunocompromised
54
Commonest congenital infection in developed countries
CMV
55
Congenital CMV symptoms
Blueberry muffin rash Sensorineural hearing loss
56
Congenital CMV treatment
6 month IV gangciclovir /oral valganciclovir
57
valganciclovir mechanism
Inhibits DNA synthesis
58
Most common varicella zoster complication
Secondary bacterial infection - can cause necrotising faschiatis (usually strep A)
59
What disease are caused by varicella zoster virus
Chicken pox Shingles
60
Why is shingles more severe than chicken po
More robust immune response - immunopathology
61
What pathogen causes glandular fever
Epstein Barr virus
62
Glandular fever symptoms
Fever Lymphadenopathy Post viral fatigue Burkitts lymphoma - Africa
63
Causes of Burkitts lymphoma
EBV Infection at early age Chronic immunosuppression - malaria, HIV
64
What effects whether hep B becomes chronic
Age at infection Younger age = more likely
65
Chronic hep b consequences
Cirrhosis Hepatocellular carcinoma Other cancers
66
Which Herpes viruses become latent
All
67
Which virus in more severe in adults than children
Varicella zoster
68
Which viruses can cause cancer
Epstein Barr Hep b
69
Are there more treatment options for bacteria or viruses
Bacteria

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