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Male Reproductive Pathology Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Structure of the testes

A

Compound tubular gland
Contained within tunica albuginea
Divided into lobules by septa
Each lobule contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules

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2
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Thick Connective tissue coat of testes

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3
Q

2 steps of sperm development

A

Spermatogenesis
Spermiogenesis

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4
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Undifferentiated spermatogonium develops into spermatid
Step 1

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5
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

Spermatid matures into a spermatozoan
Step 2

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6
Q

Where does Spermatogenesis occur

A

Germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

What divides the basal and adluminal compartments of the germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules

A

Sertoli cells

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8
Q

What are the stem cells of Spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia

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9
Q

Where are spermatogonia and what do they do

A

Rest on seminiferous tubules basement membrane
Divide mitotically - make more spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

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10
Q

What do primary spermatocytes do

A

Migrate to adluminal compartment
Enter meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes

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11
Q

Which stage of meiosis is prolonged in primary spermatocytes

A

Prophase - allows more exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

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12
Q

Why are secondary spermatocytes rarely seen and how many pairs of chromatids do they have

A

Short period between first and second meiosis division
23 pairs

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13
Q

which meiotic division produced haploid spermatid

A

Second

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14
Q

Why is cytokinesis not complete in spermatid

A

Leaves cytoplasmic bridges for material exchange for synchronous maturation

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15
Q

Cellular changes in Spermiogenesis

A

Acrosome develops and overlies nucleus
Flagellum grows
Mitochondria arrange around flagellum
Majority of Cytoplasm cast off as residual body

(Flagellum faces lumen, head faces basal compartment)

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16
Q

What is the flagellum

A

Modified cilium that develops around the centrioles of the spermatid

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17
Q

What is the residual body and what happens to it

A

Cytoplasm cast of by spermatid during Spermiogenesis
Consumed by sertoli cells

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18
Q

Where are Sertoli cells

A

Germinal epithelium

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19
Q

Characteristics of Sertoli cells

A

Abundant cytoplasm
Oval nucleus
Dark nucleolus
Extend from basement membrane to lumen of seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

Sertoli cell function

A

Structural and chemical support to developing spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids

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21
Q

What substances do Sertoli cells produce and what do they do

A

Androgen binding protein - keeps testosterone level high, production stimulated by FSH
Inhibin - decr FSH production

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22
Q

Where are leydig cells

A

Connective tissue surrounding seminiferous tubules

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23
Q

What do leydig cells do

A

Produce testosterone

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24
Q

Which cells contain cytoplasmic crystals of reinke

A

Leydig cells

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25
How are Sertoli cells connected
Junctional complexes of tight and adhesion junctions close to basement membrane
26
Features of seminiferous tubules pre puberty
mostly Sertoli cells Occasional pri spermatocyte Most of interstitial tissue between tubules are fibroblasts Few leydig cells
27
Rete testes
Connects seminiferous tubules to ductus deferens
28
Function of microvilli in rete testes
Move spermatozoa along Absorb excess material from seminal fluid
29
Type of epithelium in rete testes
Ciliated cuboidal
30
Epididymis
Muscular convoluted tubule that stores spermatozoa
31
Where do sperm become mobile
Epididymis
32
Epididymis and ductus deferens epithelium
Pseudostratified with non motile stereocilia
33
Ductus deferens
Muscular tubule that carries sperm downstream from epididymis
34
Is the muscular wall of the epididymis or ductus deferens thicker
Ductus deferens
35
How many muscular layers in the wall of the epididymis
3 - inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal
36
Where do secretions from the seminal vesicles enter the ductus deferens
Ampulla
37
What is formed after the tubes from the seminal vesicles joins the ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
38
Seminal vesicle
Glandular sacs that produce a secretion that composes 80% of the seminal fluid
39
Histological Appearance of seminal vesicles
Honeycombed saccules Thin highly branched folds of mucosa Pseudostratified colomnar epithelium Smooth muscle around saccules
40
Prostate
Walnut sized conglomeration of tubular acinar glands that surround the initial segment of the urethra
41
Purpose of the secretion from the prostate
Prevents semen coagulation - citric acid and proteolytic enzymes Neutralise low pH in female repro tract - alkaline
42
What accumulates in the prostate with age
Prostatic concretions
43
Prostate epithelium
Columnar, Numerous flattened basal cells visible
44
What surrounds the glands in the prostate
Stroma containing smooth muscle and connective tissue
45
3 columns of erectile tissue in the penis
2x corpus cavernosa 1x corpus spongiosum
46
Which column of erectile tissue in the penis contains the urethra
Corpus spongiosum
47
Epithelium in urethra
Transitional Stratified squamous at opening
48
Atrophic testes
Shrinking and loss of function of testes
49
Atrophic testes histological characteristics
No cells of Spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules Sertoli and leydig cells still present Thicker basement membrane
50
How is testosterone level affected by Atrophic testes
No effect or increase - testosterone still made normally by leydig cells, may decr as not being bound to androgen binding protein
51
Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate
Nodules form from hyperplasia of epithelial and stromal cells which can compress urethra and obstruct urine flow
52
What tissues are in nodular hyperplasia of the prostate
Glandular Fibrous
53
Are benign or malignant glands larger in prostate adenocarcinomas
Benign
54
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate malignant gland histological characteristics
Lack basal cells Nucleoli
55
Testicular torsion symptoms and signs
Unilateral scrotal pain Nausea Vomiting Absent cremaster is reflex
56
Pathophysiology of testicular torsion
Venous compromise -> arterial occlusion -> ischaemia
57
Testicular torsion treatment
Detorsion Orchidopexy Orchiectomy
58
What type of cancer are 95% of testicular cancers
Germ cell tumours
59
2 types of testicular germ cell tumours
Seminomas Non seminomas
60
Testicular cancer presentation
Unilateral palpable mass Age 30-49
61
Where do testicular seminomas originate
Germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules
62
Where do testicular non seminomas originate
Yolk sack Embryonic cell Choriocarcinoma Teratoma
63
Are testicular seminomas or non seminomas more likely to metastasise
Non seminomas
64
Testicular cancer treatment
Radical orchiectomy Surveillance Radiation Chemotherapy Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection - residual post chemotherapy disease
65
Testicular seminomas histological characteristics
Cells with large vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and clear cytoplasm in seminiferous tubule
66
Most common type of yolk sack tumour
Microcystic yolk sac tumour

HD2 (23 decks)

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