Problems Of The Male Reproductive System

Question 1

What joins the urethra within the prostate

Answer 1

Ejaculatory duct

Question 2

What are the 4 main areas of the prostate

Answer 2

Peripheral
Central
Transition
Anterior fibromuscular stroma

Question 3

What hormone causes growth of the prostate

Answer 3

Testosterone

Question 4

Is the fluid secreted by the prostate and added to seminal fluid acid or alkali

Answer 4

Alkali

Question 5

Largest zone of the prostate

Answer 5

Peripheral

Question 6

What types of tissue make up the prostate

Answer 6

Glandular
Fibromuscular

Question 7

What zone of the prostate does cancer tend to start in

Answer 7

Peripheral

Question 8

Why does benign prostatic hyperplasia occur more with advancing age

Answer 8

Longer exposure to testosterone

Question 9

What causes BPH

Answer 9

Age related enlargement
Testicular androgens
Oestrogens
Prostatic stromatolites and epithelial tissue interactions
Nuerotransmitters

Question 10

What molecule’s action is blocked in the epithelium preventing apoptosis leading to BPH

Answer 10

Estradiol

Question 11

What is testosterone converted to in stromal cells and epithelial cells

Answer 11

Stromal - estradiol
Epithelial - DHT

Question 12

What does activation of the estrogen receptor beta receptor in epithelial cells and estrogen receptor alpha in stromal cells lead to

Answer 12

Beta Apoptosis
Alpha proliferation

Question 13

What causes BPE symptoms

Answer 13

Narrowing of urethra

Question 14

BPE symptoms

Answer 14

Weak/interrupted urine flow
Nocturia
Frequent urination
Trouble urinating
Pain/burning on urination
Blood in urine or semen

Question 15

2 acronyms for BPE symptoms

Answer 15

SHITE - Slow stream, Hesitancy, Intermittent flow, Terminal dribbling, Emptying incomplete
FUN - Frequency, Urgency, Nocturia

Question 16

What age does BPE usually occur

Answer 16

40+

Question 17

BPE diagnosis

Answer 17

Digital rectal exam
Ultrasound
Blood test - PSA

Question 18

What substance is tested in blood to check for prostate cancer and BPE

Answer 18

Prostate specific antigen

Question 19

Is prostate specific antigen higher in prostate cancer or BPE

Answer 19

Cancer

Question 20

BPE pharmacotherapy

Answer 20

Alpha1 adrenergic blockers
5-alpha-reductase inhibitors

Question 21

BPE Surgical treatments

Answer 21

Transurethral resection of the prostate
Open prostatectomy
UroLift
Laser ablation
Transurethral microwave
High energy ultrasound therapy

Question 22

Which type of inguinal hernia occurs in babies

Answer 22

Indirect

Question 23

Which type of inguinal hernia travels through the inguinal canal and which pushes through a weakened section of the abdominal wall

Answer 23

Indirect - inguinal canal
Direct - abdo wall

Question 24

Are indirect hernias lateral or medial to the inferior epigastric vessels

Answer 24

Lateral

Question 25

What part of the abdominal wall are direct hernias most likely to occur in

Answer 25

Hasselbachs triangle

Question 26

Are direct inguinal hernias more likely to be congenital or acquired

Answer 26

Acquired

Question 27

When can a truss be used for direct inguinal hernia treatment

Answer 27

If hernia is reducible

Question 28

Which side do indirect inguinal hernias more commonly occur

Answer 28

Right

Question 29

How are indirect inguinal hernias treated

Answer 29

Surgery

Question 30

Erectile dysfunction

Answer 30

Complete inability to have erection, inconsistent ability to have erection, or ability for short term erections

Question 31

What muscle relaxes to cause an erection

Answer 31

Cavernosal smooth muscle

Question 32

How does relaxation of Cavernosal smooth muscle cause erection

Answer 32

Allows more blood inflow Compresses venous outflow

Question 33

What causes Cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation

Answer 33

NO

Question 34

How does viagra work

Answer 34

Inhibits PDE-5

Question 35

Erectile dysfunction treatment

Answer 35

Viagra Penile prosthesis

Question 36

Peyronie’s disease

Answer 36

Bent penis due to scar tissue in shaft

Question 37

What causes Peyronie’s disease

Answer 37

Scar tissue in penis shaft

Question 38

Peyronie’s disease treatment

Answer 38

Stretching Para-aminobenzoate Topical verapamil Surgery

Question 39

Varicocele

Answer 39

Varicose veins of the (left) scrotum

Question 40

Which testicle does varicocele occur in and why

Answer 40

Always left 90* angle of spermatic vein into left renal vein