Common Toxicants in the PH Setting Flashcards by Kim Grace

has a role as a neurotoxin, a psychotropic drug, a central
nervous system stimulant, a xenobiotic, and an
environmental contaminant

METHAMPHETAMINE

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can induce effects such as euphoria,
increased alertness and energy, and enhanced self-esteem

Methamphetamine

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T/F: The FDA withdrew its approval for the use of all
parenteral drug products containing methamphetamine
hydrochloride, a methamphetamine salt

True

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How does Metamphenamine Affect the Body?

HAHRBAC

Highly Addictive
Agitation
Increased heart rate and bp
Increased respiration
Increased body temp
Anxiety Paranoia
Convulsions, Cardiovascular collapse, stroke death

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Overdose effect of Methamphenamine

stroke, heart attack, or multiple
organ problems

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Methamphenamine acute toxicity

adverse reaction

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T/F: Acute Toxicity of Meth can still be fatal

True

Reason: When methamphetamine
users experience an adverse
reaction due to using a
large amounts of
methamphetamine one time,
it can be fatal

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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF TOXICITY of Meth

MISHAA BCIKG

Mydriasis (dilated pupils) Bradycardia or Tachycardia
Irregular heart rhythm
(arrhythmia)
Chest pains
Shortness of breath
Increased body temperature
Hypertension Kidney damage
Altered mental status Gastrointestinal distress
Agitation, violent, psychotic behaviors

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Patients who experience methamphetamine toxicity
usually present with

an altered mental status

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Chronic long-term methamphetamine use can also
cause

dental complications, significant weight loss, and
skin problems such as sores and abscesses.

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chlorine compound often used as a disinfectant or a
bleaching agent.

Sodium hypochlorite

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Sodium hypochlorite in 0.5% w/v solution is called

Dakin’s
solution

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Dakin’s solution is used as an _________________ to clean infected topical wounds

antiseptic

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sodium salt of hypochlorous acid

Sodium Hypochlorite

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commonly known as bleach or
liquid bleach

Sodium Hypochlorite

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Household bleach is, typically, a solution containing
__________ sodium hypochlorite and ____________ sodium
hydroxide

3-8%; 0.01-0.05%

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Antiformin other name

Sodium hypochlorite

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T/F: Sodium hypochrloite are oxidants

True

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Chlorine is a strong ________ (Corrosive/Caustic) matermail

corrosive

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T/F: Symptoms may be delayed in Chlorine

True

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If eye is not irrigated immediately after contact with Chlorine it may result to ______

permanent eye damage

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T/F: Chlorine has carcinogenic activity

False

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Adverse Effects of Chlorine

Methemoglobinemia
Dermatoxin
Toxic Pneumonitis

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Methemoglobinemia in Chlorine Toxicity is a ________ (primary/secondary) toxic effect

secondary

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Chlorine Antidote/Emergency Treatment: Administer oxygen by non rebreather mask at

10-15 L/min

Chlorine Antidote/Emergency Treatment: Irrigate each eye with ______ during transport

NSS

T/F: Chlorine Antidote/Emergency Treatment: Emetics can be used

False

T/F: Chlorine Antidote/Emergency Treatment: rinse mouth and administer ______ mL/kg up to ________ mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool

5; 200

Chlorine Antidote/Emergency Treatment: _________-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial.

Positive

Chlorine Antidote/Emergency Treatment: Consider ____________ if hypotensive with a normal fluid volume

vasopressors

Chlorine Antidote/Emergency Treatment: Use __________ Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present

lactated

Chlorine Antidote/Emergency Treatment: Treat seizures with ________ (Valium).

diazepam

Chlorine Antidote/Emergency Treatment: Use ___________ hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation.

proparacaine

Metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ETHANOL

ETHANOL has a ________ (bactericidal/bacteriostatic) property

bactericidal

Ethanol's ___________ is considered as drug

psychoactive effects

Ethanol acts as agonist against

GABA Receptors

Blood alcohol level reaches: 0.1% =

causes intoxication

Blood alcohol level reaches: 0.3-0.4% =

unconsciousness

Blood alcohol level reaches: 0.4% =

Death from ethanol consumption

Blood alcohol level reaches: 0.5% =

commonly fatal

Ethanol within the human body is converted into ___________ by alcohol dehydrogenase

acetaldehyde

T/F: acetaldehyde, is more toxic than ethanol

True

Consumption of this form of ethanol can be fatal over a short period of time

Absolute

Fatal dose of liquor

500-1000mL of 100-proof liquor ingested in an hour or two 300-400mL of pure ethanol

Lethal Dose of liquor

Pure ethanol 5-8kg (3g/kg for children)

At >__________% blood alcohol levels= decreased blood flow to the brain

0.14

At greater than _________% blood alcohol= marked degree of stupefaction and possible unconsciousness.

0.3

At levels greater than ______= risk of death

0.4%

Acute consumption leading to blood alcohol levels greater than __________ is almost universally fatal.

0.5%

ADE of Liquor

Acute solvent Sydrome Occupational hepatotoxins Reproductive Toxins ACGIH Carcinogen

Treatment for Acute ethanol poisoning: Give ___________ and ________ and treat coma and seizures if they occur

glucose; thiamine

Alcohol withdrawal can be treated with

benzodiazepines

Treatment for Acute ethanol poisoning: Aspirating gastric contents can be done if alcohol ingestion was massive and within

30-45 minutes

T/F: HCl is used as Virucide. Fungicide, and Fungistat

True

rapidly dissociate, and its effects are thought to result from pH change (local deposition of H+) rather than the effects of hydrogen chloride/hydrochloric acid.

HCl

HCl effects to the skin

ulceration -> keloid and contractile scarring

HCl effects to the eyes

reduced vision/blindness

HCl effects to teeth

dental decay

Acclimatized workers can work undisturbed with a hydrogen chloride level of ______ mg/cu

● The hazard of hydrochloric acid for the environment is caused by the ________ (pH effect)

proton

ESCITALOPRAM belongs to the class of

SSRIs

It is typically used as an antidepressant to treat depression associated with mood disorders

ESCITALOPRAM

ESCITALOPRAM causes Dry mouth, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, _______________, headache

sexual dysfunction

This vasodilator may be administered to px with Escitalopram toxicity

Albuterol

A synthetic dihydropyridine and a calcium channel blocker with antihypertensive and antianginal properties

Amlodipine

In geriatric patients, Amlodipine clearance is _________, and AUC is ___________ by about 40-60%

decreased; increased

NSAID that is believed to work through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis

Ibuprofen

Anthranilic acid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities

Mefenamic Acid

Activated charcoal may not be warranted in patients presenting before_________ post ingestion of Mefenamic Acid

1-4 hours

Patients with significant toxicity who develop severe acidosis due to NSAID poisoning may require supportive treatment with intravenous _____

sodium bicarbonate

T/F: For NSAID toxicity, Hemodialysis may be considered for the correction of severe acidosis however hemodialysis may not help clear the drug from the blood,

True

An anticonvulsant is used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop

CLONAZEPAM

mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor responses

CLONAZEPAM

CLONAZEPAM is a schedule ________ controlled substance

clonazepam is assumed to be capable of causing an increased risk of congenital abnormalities when administered to a pregnant woman during the __________ trimester

first

Hypotension in Clonazepam toxicity may be combated using

evarterenol or metaraminol

a specific benzodiazepine-receptor antagonist, is indicated for the complete or partial reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines and may be used in situations when an overdose with a benzodiazepine is known or suspected.

Flumazenil

Is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia, depressive episodes associated with bipolar disorder, acute manic episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, and maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder

QUETIAPINE

Improves the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and major depression by acting on various neurotransmitter receptors, such as the serotonin and dopamine receptors

QUETIAPINE

In bipolar disorder, it improves both depressive and manic symptoms

QUETIAPINE

The most common adverse effects reported in 5% or more of patients receiving quetiapine therapy for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and at a frequency twice that reported among patients receiving placebo in clinical trials include

somnolence, sedation, asthenia, lethargy, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, increased ALT, weight gain, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, postural hypotension, and pharyngitis

Common Toxicants in the PH Setting Flashcards

(82 cards)