Kidney Toxicity (Table)

Question 1

Mechanisms of chemically induced AKI:

Diuretics, ACE, ARBS, Antihypertensives

Answer 1

Pre-renal

Question 2

Mechanisms of chemically induced AKI:

NSAIDS, Radiocontrast Agents, Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Amphotericin B

Answer 2

Vasoconstriction

Question 3

Mechanisms of chemically induced AKI:

Sulfonamides, Methotrexate, Acyclovir, Triamterene, Ethylene glycol, Protease inhibitors

Answer 3

Crystalluria

Question 4

Mechanisms of chemically induced AKI:

Aminoglycosides, Cisplastin, vancomycin, Pentamidine, Radiocontrast agents, Heavy metals, haloalkane and haloalkene

Answer 4

Tubular Toxicity

Question 5

Mechanisms of chemically induced AKI:

Cyclosporine, Mitomycin C, Tacrolimus, Cocaine, Conjugated estrogens, Quinin

Answer 5

Endothelial Injury

Question 6

Mechanisms of chemically induced AKI:

Gold, Pencillamine, NSAIDS

Answer 6

Glomerulopathy

Question 7

Mechanisms of chemically induced AKI:

Antibiotics, NSAIDs, Diuretics

Answer 7

Interstitial Nephritis

Question 8

Glomerular Injury:

Impair glomerular ultrafiltration
without significant loss of structural
integrity and decrease GFR

Answer 8

Cyclosporine,
Amphotericin B, and
Gentamicin

Question 9

● ↓ GFR by renal vasoconstriction
● ↓ Glomerular capillary ultrafiltration
coefficient (Kf)

Answer 9

Amphotericin B

Question 10

Interacts with anionic sites on the
endothelial cells → ↓ GFR and Kf

Answer 10

Gentamicin

Question 11

T/F: Gentamicin drug has
a narrow therapeutic index

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Renal vasoconstriction and vascular
damage, injurious to the glomerular
endothelial cell

Answer 12

Cyclosporine

Question 13

Drugs that causes glomerular injury

Answer 13

Cyclosporine,
Amphotericin B, and
Gentamicin

Question 14

drugs that causes LOOP OF HENLE/DISTAL TUBULE/
COLLECTING DUCT INJURY

Answer 14

Amphotericin B, Methoxyflurane, Cisplastin

Question 15

The initial target of abusive consumption of analgesics is the

Answer 15

Medullary interstitial cells > Degenerative changes in the
medullary capillaries > Loops of Henle > Collecting ducts

Question 16

The acute nephrotoxicity induced
by HgCl2 is characterized by
proximal tubular necrosis and AKI
within 24 to 48 hours after
administration

Answer 16

Mercury

Question 17

Can cause brain defects and affect
kidneys

Answer 17

Mercury

Question 18

seafood
exposed in industrial waste

Answer 18

Mercury

Question 19

produces proximal
tubule dysfunction (S1 and S2
segments) and injury that may
progress to chronic interstitial
nephritis

Answer 19

Cadmium

Question 20

primary cellular target of
chloroform is the ______ with no primary damage to the
glomerulus or the distal tubule

Answer 20

proximal tubule

Question 21

Proteinuria, glucosuria, ↑ BUN levels

Answer 21

Chloroform

Question 22

is the
penultimate nephrotoxicant of Tetrafluoroethylene

Answer 22

Cysteine S-conjugate

Question 23

The products of the reaction are
ammonia, pyruvate, and a reactive
thiol that is capable of binding
covalently to cellular
macromolecules, causing cellular
damage

Answer 23

Tetrafluoroethylene

Question 24

________________ of bromobenzene
and other halogenated benzenes is
critical for their nephrotoxicity

Answer 24

Biotransformation

Question 25

Metabolizes bromobenzene and conjugates it to glutathione, and releases it as a form that can cause nephrotoxicity

Answer 25

Hepatic cytochrome P450

Question 26

1000-fold more potent than bromobenzene

Answer 26

Diglutathione conjugate of the hydroquinone

Question 27

are products of molds and fungi, and a number of mycotoxins produce nephrotoxicity

Answer 27

Mycotoxins

Question 28

↓ urine osmolality, GFR and RBF, glycosuria, ↑urinary enzyme excretion

Answer 28

Citrinin nephrotoxicity

Question 29

Found on corn and corn products

Answer 29

Fumonisins B1 and B2

Question 30

nephrotoxicity in rats and rabbits

Answer 30

Fumonisins B1 and B2

Question 31

↑ urine volume, ↓ osmolality, ↑ low and high MW proteins

Answer 31

Fumonisins B1 and B2

Question 32

Aristolachia and I genera

Answer 32

Aristolochic acids and aristolactams

Question 33

can lead totubular dysfunction, proteinuria, interstitial fibrosis

Answer 33

Aristolochic acids and aristolactams

Question 34

Proximal tubular necrosis with increases in BUN and plasma creatinine, ↓ GFR, and clearance of para-aminohippurate

Answer 34

Acetaminophen

Question 35

reversible on withdrawal of the drug

Answer 35

NSAIDs

Question 36

NSAIDs: _________ RBF and GFR by _______

Answer 36

↓ RBF and GFR by oliguria

Question 37

Chronic consumption of NSAIDS

Answer 37

> 3 years

Question 38

Characterized by non oliguric renal failure with ↓ GFR, ↑ serum creatinine, and proteinuria

Answer 38

Aminoglycosides