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Toxicology > Toxicology (Part 1 : History and Definition of Terms) > Flashcards

Toxicology (Part 1 : History and Definition of Terms) Flashcards

1
Q

Toxicology is the study of ______________ of chemicals (and
other substances) on living organisms.

A

adverse effects

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2
Q

handles the toxic substances in
the PH

A

Poison Control Center

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3
Q

Antiquity

A

Chinese journals
Egyptians
Hindu Medicine
Greek Physicians
Romans
King Mithridates
Lex Cornelia

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4
Q

plant and fish poisons

A

Chinese journals (Antiquity)

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5
Q

T/F: both used as an antidote and poison

A

T

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6
Q

800 medicinal and
poisonous recipes

A

Egyptian documents

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7
Q

Egyptian documents is eventually called as

A

Ebers Papyrus

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8
Q

This contains poisons, opium, aconite, hemlock, metals (lead,
copper, mercury), etc.

A

Ebers Papyrus

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9
Q

Ebers Papyrus contains

A

poisons, opium, aconite, hemlock, metals (lead,
copper, mercury), etc.

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10
Q

Ayurveda; poisons and antidotes

A

Hindu medicine

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11
Q

– classified 600 plant, animal and
mineral poisons

A

Greek physicians

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12
Q

Introduced the bioavailability in therapy and
overdosage

A

Hippocrates

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13
Q

De Historia Plantarum

A

Theophrastus

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14
Q

Theophrastus is a student of

A

Aristotle

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15
Q

First Systemic Pharmacopoeia (600 plants and 1000 different medications)

A

De Materia Medica

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16
Q

used poisons for executions and
assassinations

A

Romans

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17
Q

cause of the death of Socrates

A

Hemlock

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18
Q

Ingested 36 mixtures of antidote concoctions

A

King Mithridates VI of Pontus

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19
Q

first law against
poisoning;

A

Lex Cornelia

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20
Q

Middle Age

A

Maimonides, Catherine De Medici

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20
Q

Lex Cornelia is introduced by

A

Sulla

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21
Q

a treatise on the treatment of poisoning from
insects, snakes, and mad dogs.

A

“Treatise on Poisons and
Their Antidotes

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22
Q

who made “Treatise on Poisons and
Their Antidotes”

A

Maimonides

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23
Q

He noted that milk, butter, and cream could affect the
bioavailability by delaying intestinal absorption.

A

Maimonides

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24
Q

studied different toxic concoctions
regarding toxic response (onset of action), effectiveness
(potency), specific site of action, and possible complaints of
the victim (side and adverse effects)

A

Catherine de Medici

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25
Q

Catherine de Medici studied the

A

onset of action
potency
side and adverse effects
site of action

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26
Q

RENAISSANCE

A

Paracelsus
Ellenbog
Agricola
Bernardino Ramazzini
Percival Pott

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27
Q

the right __________ differentiates a poison from a remedy

A

dose

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28
Q

“All substances are poison; there is none that is not poison.
The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy.”

A

Paracelsus

29
Q

Paracelsus full name

A

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von
Hohenheim-Paracelsus

30
Q

formulated the dose-response as a bulwark of
toxicology.

A

Paracelsus

31
Q

Hg (mercury) and Pb (lead) toxicity from
goldsmithing to miners

A

Ellenbog

32
Q

“On the Miners’ Sickness and Other Diseases
of Miners”

A

Agricola

33
Q

– Discourse on the Disease of
Workers

A

Bernardino Ramazzini

34
Q

polyaromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenicity
among chimney sweeps

A

Percival Pott

35
Q

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

A

Magendie, Orfila, Bernard, Oswald Schmiedeberg, Louis Lewin

36
Q

Moa of Emetine and Strychnine

A

Magendie

37
Q

First to use autopsy

A

Orfila

38
Q

Father of Modern Toxicology

A

Orfila

39
Q

Introduction to the study of Experimental Medicine

A

Bernard

40
Q

synthesized hippuric acid in the
liver; worked on detoxification of the liver

A

Oswald Schmiedeberg

41
Q

worked on narcotics and alkaloids

A

Louis Lewin

42
Q

MODERN ERA

A

Wiley Bill, Establishment of National Institute of Health, Copeland Bill, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

43
Q

utilized The Jungle of Upton Sinclair;
first of the U.S. pure food and drug laws

A

Wiley Bill (1906)

44
Q

response to the consequence of acute kidney failure after
taking sulfanilamide in glycol solutions

A

Establishment of National Institute of Health (1930)

45
Q

Establishment of National Institute of Health (1930) was a response to the consequence of __________ after taking ________ in glycol solutions

A

acute kidney failure; sulfanilamide

46
Q

– passed into a Law. This is the
second bill involving the establishment of Food and Drug
Authority.

A

Copeland Bill (1938)

47
Q

includes substances that was neither a drug nor a
food had to be shown to be safe and efficacious for
approval.

A

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(1947)

48
Q

AFTER WORLD WAR II

A

Passage of The Delaney Clause (1958)
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Thalidomide incident

49
Q

any chemical
found to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals or humans
could not be added to the U.S. Food Supply.

A

Passage of The Delaney Clause (1958)

50
Q

first American journal dedicated to toxicology

A

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

51
Q

used for morning sickness for pregnant
women, but caused deformities in babies (affecting

A

Thalidomide

52
Q

21ST CENTURY TOXICOLOGY

A

-Sequencing of human genome
-Genetically modifying organism possessing orthologs of human
genes:
-Epigenetics

53
Q

Genetically modifying organism possessing orthologs of human
genes:

A

Zebra Fish
Roundworms
Fruit Flies

54
Q

(Danio rerio)

A

Zebra fish

55
Q

(Caenorhabditis elegans)

A

Roundworms

56
Q

(Drosophila melanogaster)

A

Fruit flies

57
Q

novel approaches to studying the fetal origin of
adult diseases including cancers, diabetes, and neurodegenerative
diseases and disorders

A

Epigenetics

58
Q

study of the adverse effects of xenobiotics

A

Toxicology

59
Q

foreign substances to the body

A

Xenobiotics

60
Q

substances that are produced naturally

A

Toxins

61
Q

produced or a by-product of human activities

A

Toxicants

62
Q

aka “corpus delecti” or “body of evidence”; any
substance which can cause injury, disease and death, when applied,
introduced into, or developed within the body

A

Poison

63
Q

frequency of occurrence of adverse reactions upon
exposure to the poison

A

Risk

64
Q

the likelihood that injury will occur in a given situation or
setting

A

Hazard

65
Q

a collection of signs and symptoms which
characterizes a specific toxicant

A

Toxidrome

66
Q

Smallest dose that kills 50% of the population

A

LD50

67
Q

Smallest concentration that kills
50% of the population

A

LC50

68
Q

Maximum amount of drug
considered safe

A

TLV (Threshold limit value)

69
Q

The lower the _________, the more
dangerous the substance

A

TLV

70
Q

Dose which produces the
desired effect in 50% of subjects

A

ED50 (Median effective dose)

71
Q

Measure of safety

A

Therapeutic index

Toxicology (9 decks)

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