Toxicology (Part 1 : History and Definition of Terms)

Question 1

Toxicology is the study of ______________ of chemicals (and
other substances) on living organisms.

Answer 1

adverse effects

Question 2

handles the toxic substances in
the PH

Answer 2

Poison Control Center

Question 3

Antiquity

Answer 3

Chinese journals
Egyptians
Hindu Medicine
Greek Physicians
Romans
King Mithridates
Lex Cornelia

Question 4

plant and fish poisons

Answer 4

Chinese journals (Antiquity)

Question 5

T/F: both used as an antidote and poison

Answer 5

T

Question 6

800 medicinal and
poisonous recipes

Answer 6

Egyptian documents

Question 7

Egyptian documents is eventually called as

Answer 7

Ebers Papyrus

Question 8

This contains poisons, opium, aconite, hemlock, metals (lead,
copper, mercury), etc.

Answer 8

Ebers Papyrus

Question 9

Ebers Papyrus contains

Answer 9

poisons, opium, aconite, hemlock, metals (lead,
copper, mercury), etc.

Question 10

Ayurveda; poisons and antidotes

Answer 10

Hindu medicine

Question 11

– classified 600 plant, animal and
mineral poisons

Answer 11

Greek physicians

Question 12

Introduced the bioavailability in therapy and
overdosage

Answer 12

Hippocrates

Question 13

De Historia Plantarum

Answer 13

Theophrastus

Question 14

Theophrastus is a student of

Answer 14

Aristotle

Question 15

First Systemic Pharmacopoeia (600 plants and 1000 different medications)

Answer 15

De Materia Medica

Question 16

used poisons for executions and
assassinations

Answer 16

Romans

Question 17

cause of the death of Socrates

Answer 17

Hemlock

Question 18

Ingested 36 mixtures of antidote concoctions

Answer 18

King Mithridates VI of Pontus

Question 19

first law against
poisoning;

Answer 19

Lex Cornelia

Question 20

Middle Age

Answer 20

Maimonides, Catherine De Medici

Question 20

Lex Cornelia is introduced by

Answer 20

Sulla

Question 21

a treatise on the treatment of poisoning from
insects, snakes, and mad dogs.

Answer 21

“Treatise on Poisons and
Their Antidotes

Question 22

who made “Treatise on Poisons and
Their Antidotes”

Answer 22

Maimonides

Question 23

He noted that milk, butter, and cream could affect the
bioavailability by delaying intestinal absorption.

Answer 23

Maimonides

Question 24

studied different toxic concoctions regarding toxic response (onset of action), effectiveness (potency), specific site of action, and possible complaints of the victim (side and adverse effects)

Answer 24

Catherine de Medici

Question 25

Catherine de Medici studied the

Answer 25

onset of action potency side and adverse effects site of action

Question 26

RENAISSANCE

Answer 26

Paracelsus Ellenbog Agricola Bernardino Ramazzini Percival Pott

Question 27

the right __________ differentiates a poison from a remedy

Answer 27

dose

Question 28

"All substances are poison; there is none that is not poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy."

Answer 28

Paracelsus

Question 29

Paracelsus full name

Answer 29

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim-Paracelsus

Question 30

formulated the dose-response as a bulwark of toxicology.

Answer 30

Paracelsus

Question 31

Hg (mercury) and Pb (lead) toxicity from goldsmithing to miners

Answer 31

Ellenbog

Question 32

“On the Miners’ Sickness and Other Diseases of Miners”

Answer 32

Agricola

Question 33

– Discourse on the Disease of Workers

Answer 33

Bernardino Ramazzini

Question 34

polyaromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenicity among chimney sweeps

Answer 34

Percival Pott

Question 35

AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

Answer 35

Magendie, Orfila, Bernard, Oswald Schmiedeberg, Louis Lewin

Question 36

Moa of Emetine and Strychnine

Answer 36

Magendie

Question 37

First to use autopsy

Answer 37

Orfila

Question 38

Father of Modern Toxicology

Answer 38

Orfila

Question 39

Introduction to the study of Experimental Medicine

Answer 39

Bernard

Question 40

synthesized hippuric acid in the liver; worked on detoxification of the liver

Answer 40

Oswald Schmiedeberg

Question 41

worked on narcotics and alkaloids

Answer 41

Louis Lewin

Question 42

MODERN ERA

Answer 42

Wiley Bill, Establishment of National Institute of Health, Copeland Bill, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

Question 43

utilized The Jungle of Upton Sinclair; first of the U.S. pure food and drug laws

Answer 43

Wiley Bill (1906)

Question 44

response to the consequence of acute kidney failure after taking sulfanilamide in glycol solutions

Answer 44

Establishment of National Institute of Health (1930)

Question 45

Establishment of National Institute of Health (1930) was a response to the consequence of __________ after taking ________ in glycol solutions

Answer 45

acute kidney failure; sulfanilamide

Question 46

– passed into a Law. This is the second bill involving the establishment of Food and Drug Authority.

Answer 46

Copeland Bill (1938)

Question 47

includes substances that was neither a drug nor a food had to be shown to be safe and efficacious for approval.

Answer 47

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1947)

Question 48

AFTER WORLD WAR II

Answer 48

Passage of The Delaney Clause (1958) Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Thalidomide incident

Question 49

any chemical found to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals or humans could not be added to the U.S. Food Supply.

Answer 49

Passage of The Delaney Clause (1958)

Question 50

first American journal dedicated to toxicology

Answer 50

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

Question 51

used for morning sickness for pregnant women, but caused deformities in babies (affecting

Answer 51

Thalidomide

Question 52

21ST CENTURY TOXICOLOGY

Answer 52

-Sequencing of human genome -Genetically modifying organism possessing orthologs of human genes: -Epigenetics

Question 53

Genetically modifying organism possessing orthologs of human genes:

Answer 53

Zebra Fish Roundworms Fruit Flies

Question 54

(Danio rerio)

Answer 54

Zebra fish

Question 55

(Caenorhabditis elegans)

Answer 55

Roundworms

Question 56

(Drosophila melanogaster)

Answer 56

Fruit flies

Question 57

novel approaches to studying the fetal origin of adult diseases including cancers, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases and disorders

Answer 57

Epigenetics

Question 58

study of the adverse effects of xenobiotics

Answer 58

Toxicology

Question 59

foreign substances to the body

Answer 59

Xenobiotics

Question 60

substances that are produced naturally

Answer 60

Toxins

Question 61

produced or a by-product of human activities

Answer 61

Toxicants

Question 62

aka “corpus delecti” or “body of evidence”; any substance which can cause injury, disease and death, when applied, introduced into, or developed within the body

Answer 62

Poison

Question 63

frequency of occurrence of adverse reactions upon exposure to the poison

Answer 63

Risk

Question 64

the likelihood that injury will occur in a given situation or setting

Answer 64

Hazard

Question 65

a collection of signs and symptoms which characterizes a specific toxicant

Answer 65

Toxidrome

Question 66

Smallest dose that kills 50% of the population

Answer 66

LD50

Question 67

Smallest concentration that kills 50% of the population

Answer 67

LC50

Question 68

Maximum amount of drug considered safe

Answer 68

TLV (Threshold limit value)

Question 69

The lower the _________, the more dangerous the substance

Answer 69

TLV

Question 70

Dose which produces the desired effect in 50% of subjects

Answer 70

ED50 (Median effective dose)

Question 71

Measure of safety

Answer 71

Therapeutic index