Part 2: Areas of Toxicology to Differences Flashcards
Deals with investigation of the toxic effect
of the substance on the biological system
Experimental Toxicology
most commonly used living organism in toxicology
Guinea pig
animals used living organism in toxicology
mice, rat, rabbit
Smallest dose that kills 50% of the population
LD50 (Median Lethal Dose)
Smallest concentration that kills 50% of the population
LC50 (Medium Lethal Concentration)
Maximum amount of drug considered safe
TLV (Threshold Limit Value)
Dose which produces the desired effect in 50% of subjects
ED50 (Median Effective Dose)
Measure of safety
Therapeutic Index
Therapeutic Index is the ratio of
LD50 to ED50
Involves the diagnosis/treatment
(antidote) of poisoning cases with emphasis on medical sciences, including signs and symptoms (toxidromes)
Clinical/Medical Toxicology
Toxidrome of Anticholinergics
- Dry as a bone (dry mucosa)
- Hot as a hare (hyperthermia)
- Blind as a bat (mydriasis)
- Mad as a hatter (delirium)
- Red as a beet (flushed skin → due to vasodilation to eliminate body heat)
Example of Anticholinergic
Atropine
Toxidrome of Cholinergics
DUMBBELSS / SLUDGE
meaning of DUMBBELSS
Diarrhea, Urination, Micturition, Bradycardia, Bronchoconstriction, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation, Sweating
Example of Cholinergics
Organophosphate Carbamates
Toxidrome of Sympathomimetics
- Mydriasis, Tachycardia
- Hypertension, Hyperthermia, Seizures
Example of Sympathomimetics
Amphetamine Cocaine
Toxidrome of Opiates
TRIAD: Miosis (pinpoint), Hypotension, Coma
Hyperventialation, Bradycardia
example of Opiates
Morphine Heroin
Deals with deleterious effects and impact
of chemicals (usually from air, soil, water), present as toxins of the environment, to the living organism
Environmental Toxicology
Specialized area within environment
toxicology that focuses more specifically on the impacts of toxic substances on population dynamics in an ecosystem
Ecotoxicology
Concerned with sampling and toxicity
testing which provide information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements
Regulatory Toxicology
Deals with the medical and legal aspects
of poisoning
Forensic Toxicology
Deals with the mechanisms by which
chemicals exert their toxic effects on
organisms
Mechanistic Toxicology
Deals with the chemicals found in the
workplace
Occupational Toxicology
Major route of poisoning in Occupational Toxicology
inhalational
Concerned directly with toxicity testing
Descriptive Toxicology
An area of professional emphasis in the
realm of medical science that is concerned with diseases caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances
Clinical Toxicology
something that can cause
harm
Hazard
chance, high or low, that any
hazard will actually cause somebody harm
Risk
Include virus, bacteria, insects, animals
that can cause harm
Biological Hazards
Chemical Hazards: The nature of a chemical hazard will
depend on the _____________ of the chemicals
used and stored on the premises
properties
Result of physical factors that can lead to
musculoskeletal injuries
Ergonomic Hazards
Result of environmental factors and
include heights, vibration, radiation, and
pressure
Physical Hazards
Include hazards that can have an adverse
effect on an individual’s mental health or
wellbeing
Psychological Hazards