Part 2: Areas of Toxicology to Differences Flashcards by Kim Grace

Deals with investigation of the toxic effect
of the substance on the biological system

Experimental Toxicology

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most commonly used living organism in toxicology

Guinea pig

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animals used living organism in toxicology

mice, rat, rabbit

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Smallest dose that kills 50% of the population

LD50 (Median Lethal Dose)

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Smallest concentration that kills 50% of the population

LC50 (Medium Lethal Concentration)

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Maximum amount of drug considered safe

TLV (Threshold Limit Value)

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Dose which produces the desired effect in 50% of subjects

ED50 (Median Effective Dose)

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Measure of safety

Therapeutic Index

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Therapeutic Index is the ratio of

LD50 to ED50

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Involves the diagnosis/treatment
(antidote) of poisoning cases with emphasis on medical sciences, including signs and symptoms (toxidromes)

Clinical/Medical Toxicology

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Toxidrome of Anticholinergics

Dry as a bone (dry mucosa)
Hot as a hare (hyperthermia)
Blind as a bat (mydriasis)
Mad as a hatter (delirium)
Red as a beet (flushed skin → due to vasodilation to eliminate body heat)

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Example of Anticholinergic

Atropine

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Toxidrome of Cholinergics

DUMBBELSS / SLUDGE

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meaning of DUMBBELSS

Diarrhea, Urination, Micturition, Bradycardia, Bronchoconstriction, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation, Sweating

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Example of Cholinergics

Organophosphate Carbamates

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Toxidrome of Sympathomimetics

Mydriasis, Tachycardia
Hypertension, Hyperthermia, Seizures

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Example of Sympathomimetics

Amphetamine Cocaine

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Toxidrome of Opiates

TRIAD: Miosis (pinpoint), Hypotension, Coma
Hyperventialation, Bradycardia

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example of Opiates

Morphine Heroin

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Deals with deleterious effects and impact
of chemicals (usually from air, soil, water), present as toxins of the environment, to the living organism

Environmental Toxicology

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Specialized area within environment
toxicology that focuses more specifically on the impacts of toxic substances on population dynamics in an ecosystem

Ecotoxicology

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Concerned with sampling and toxicity
testing which provide information for safety evaluation and regulatory requirements

Regulatory Toxicology

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Deals with the medical and legal aspects
of poisoning

Forensic Toxicology

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Deals with the mechanisms by which
chemicals exert their toxic effects on
organisms

Mechanistic Toxicology

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Deals with the chemicals found in the workplace

Occupational Toxicology

Major route of poisoning in Occupational Toxicology

inhalational

Concerned directly with toxicity testing

Descriptive Toxicology

An area of professional emphasis in the realm of medical science that is concerned with diseases caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances

Clinical Toxicology

something that can cause harm

Hazard

chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm

Risk

Include virus, bacteria, insects, animals that can cause harm

Biological Hazards

Chemical Hazards: The nature of a chemical hazard will depend on the _____________ of the chemicals used and stored on the premises

properties

Result of physical factors that can lead to musculoskeletal injuries

Ergonomic Hazards

Result of environmental factors and include heights, vibration, radiation, and pressure

Physical Hazards

Include hazards that can have an adverse effect on an individual’s mental health or wellbeing

Psychological Hazards

Hazards that create unsafe working conditions

Safety Hazards

the likelihood of a person being injured or receiving an adverse health effect due to a hazard occurrence

RISKS

should only be used as a last resort when all other controls have been exhausted

PPE

CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPOSURE

1. Type of effect 2. Dose 3. Length

Major Routes

GIT, Lungs, Skin, Parenteral

Severity of routes and sites of exposure

IV > Inhalational > IP >SQ>IM>ID>PO > Dermal

DURATION AND FREQUENCY OF EXPOSURE Categories

Acute, Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic

exposure to chemical for less than 24h

Acute

usually single administration, repeated exposures may be given within a 24-h period for some slightly toxic or practically non-toxic chemicals

Acute

continuous exposure for less than 24 h, most frequently for 4 h

Acute exposure by inhalation

repeated exposure to chemical for 1 month or less

Subacute

1 to 3 months

Subchronic

more than 3 months

Chronic

The impression made by the poison is to the body part it made contact with

Local Effects

Effect is confined to the area of administration

Local Effects

Acids such as H2SO4 are _________ and can cause _________

corrosives; coagulative necrosis (solidification)

Alkalis such as NaOH are _________ and can cause

Caustic; liquefactive

The effect is produced in an area other than the site of application

Remote Effects

Poison possesses both local and remote effects

Combined Effects

Irritants causes _____________; examples are

tissue necrosis; Acids and alkalis

Neurotics affects _______; examples are

CNS; hallucinogens

Stimulate proliferation of cancer cells

Carcinogenic

Nitrosamines, aflatoxin

Carcinogenic

CO, methane gas

Asphyxiants

Cause dyspnea; cause complete suspension of respiration

Asphyxiants

Stimulate flow of tears from lacrimal glands

Lacrimators

Cholinergics, carbamates, organophosphates

Lacrimators

Stimulate excessive sneezing

Sternutators

Strychnine, veratrine

Sternutators

Produce muscular weakness; “exhaustives”

Asthenics

Tubocurarine, NM blockers

Asthenics

Opioids

Narcotics

Produce mental weakness and depression, stupor, coma, respiratory depression

Narcotics

main target organ; site of metabolism and where enzymes are situated

Liver

concentration of a substance that may produce a toxic effect

Dose

effect that a dose can produce (positive or negative)

Response

Types of Dose Response Rel.

1. Individual Dose-Response Relationship 2. Quantal Dose-Response Relationship

Describes the response of the organism to varying doses of a chemical (referred to as “graded” response)

Individual Dose-Response Relationship

continuous over a range of doses

Individual Dose-Response Relationship

“all or none”

Quantal Dose-Response Relationship

Normal or Gaussian distribution

Quantal Dose-Response Relationship

represents normal frequency curve in Quantal-Dose RR

Bell Shaped Curve

represent the percentage of animals that responded at each dose minus the percentage that responded at the immediately lower dose

Bars

As the dose is increased, the response also increases

Cumulative Quantal Dose-response

In Cumulative Quantal Dose-response, a __________ curve will be formed

Sigmoidal curve

Mortality is in probit units to form a straight line

Probit Quantal Dose-response

________________ is achieved by drawing a line at the probit unit 5 which is the 50% response point to the dose effect line

Median Effective Dose (ED50)

indicates that a large change is needed to a significant change in response

“fat” dose response

small changes in dosage will cause a large change in response

“steep” dose response

Some non-nutritional toxic substances may also impart beneficial or stimulatory effects at low doses but at higher doses, they produce adverse effects

HORMESIS

Same chemical, different response

SELECTIVE TOXICITY

Identifying the mechanistic basis for species differences in response to chemicals established the relevance of animal data to human response

SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES

Even within a species, large interindividual differences in response to a chemical can occur because of subtle genetic differences (referred to as genetic polymorphisms)

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

This contributes for the idiosyncratic reactions to chemicals and for interindividual differences in toxic responses

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Part 2: Areas of Toxicology to Differences Flashcards

(89 cards)