Communities: Basic patterns and Elementary Processes

Question 1

Major Community

Answer 1

Self-sustaining and regulating

Question 2

Makes up major communities;
rely on interactions with other
communities.

Answer 2

Minor Community

Question 3

It examines interactions between species in groups over a wide range of temporal and spatial
scales, including distribution, population dynamics, structure, abundance, and demography.

Answer 3

Community Ecology

Question 4

Community ecology primarily focuses on the ______________ as influenced
by particular genotypic and phenotypic traits

Answer 4

interactions among populations

Question 5

defined by discrete habitat
boundaries

Answer 5

Physically defined
Communities

Question 6

The Physically defined
Communities includes asemblages of species found in a particular place or habitat. An example of this is ___________.

Answer 6

Biomes

Question 7

usually recognized by the presence of one or
more conspicuous species that dominate the
community

Answer 7

Taxonomically defined Communities

Question 8

consist of sets of species whose abundances are significantly correlated

Answer 8

Statistically defined Communities

Question 9

• consist of subsets of species in a particular place or habitat whose interactions significantly
  influence their abundances.

Answer 9

Interactively defined Communities

Question 10

a
dynamic interactive
system of interdependent
populations

Answer 10

Community

Question 11

Assemblage of populations
that live in environment and
interact, forming a distinct
living system with its own
composition, structure,
environmental relations,
development, and functions

Answer 11

Community

Question 12

Examines interactions between species in groups over a wide range of temporal and spatial
scales, including distribution, population dynamics, structure, abundance, and demography.

Answer 12

Community Ecology

Question 13

includes assemblages of
species found in a particular
place or habitat

Answer 13

Physically defined
Communities

Question 14

defined by discrete habitat
boundaries

Answer 14

Physically defined
Communities

Question 15

Give 5 examples of BIOMES

Answer 15

*Tropical rain forests
*Temperate rain forest
*Taiga forests
*Savannas
*Tundra
*Deserts
*Coral reefs

Question 16

usually recognized by the presence of one or
more conspicuous species that dominate the
community

Answer 16

Taxonomically defined Communities

Question 17

consist of sets of species whose abundances are significantly correlated

Answer 17

Statistically defined Communities

Question 18

consist of subsets of species in a particular place or habitat whose interactions significantly
influence their abundances

Answer 18

Interactively defined Communities

Question 19

Biotic Elements of Communities

Answer 19

*Autotrophs
*Heterotrophs
*Decomposers

Question 20

manufacture their own food using energy from
the sun to perform photosynthesis

Answer 20

Autotrophs (primary producers)

Question 21

obtain their nutrition from other organisms

Answer 21

Heterotrophs (consumers)

Question 22

consume dead plant or animal material

Answer 22

Decomposers

Question 23

total number of different species in a community

Answer 23

Species Richness

Question 24

calculated simply by recording the number of different species in an area

Answer 24

Species Richness

Question 25

number of different species present in a community and relative abundance of each of those species

Answer 25

Diversity

Question 26

It's based on Claude Shannon's formula for entropy and estimates species diversity

Answer 26

Shannon diversity index

Question 27

The index takes into account the number of species living in a habitat (________) and their relative abundance (_________).

Answer 27

*richness *evenness

Question 28

It break down the tissues and other organic matter which has not been consumed by animals higher in the food chain

Answer 28

*Decomposers *Detritivores

Question 29

These organisms (decomposers and detritivores) recycle the nutrients back into the soil, playing a vitally important role in the _______ and _______ cycles

Answer 29

*carbon *nitrogen

Question 30

-Some species exert a more _______ influence over the function and structure of the community than others

Answer 30

dominant

Question 31

(May be) responsible for modifying the conditions of abiotic conditions of a habitat

Answer 31

Dominance

Question 32

(May be due) to physical size, population number, or activities that has impact upon other organisms or environment

Answer 32

Dominance

Question 33

3 Main Forms of Interdependence

Answer 33

1. Nutritional interdependence 2. Reproductive interdependence 3. Protective interdependence

Question 34

describes the transfer of energy and nutrients through feeding

Answer 34

Nutritional interdependence

Question 35

is when certain species is only able to reproduce on a particular substrate and are therefore dependent on the presence of this within the community

Answer 35

Reproductive interdependence

Question 36

is observed when an organism require a level of shelter and rely on other organisms within the community

Answer 36

Protective interdependence

Question 37

The process by which the mix of species and habitat changes over time.

Answer 37

Ecological succession

Question 38

Succession stops temporarily when a “______” community forms.

Answer 38

climax

Question 39

the initial colonization of a bare landscape which has not been previously occupied

Answer 39

Primary succession

Question 40

During this succession, organisms must start from scratch.

Answer 40

Primary succession

Question 41

is the “endpoint” of succession within the context of a particular climate and geography.

Answer 41

Climax community

Question 42

This community will persist in a given location until a disturbance occurs

Answer 42

Climax community

Question 43

occurs where a community has existed previously but has been removed from a landscape

Answer 43

Secondary succession

Question 44

Happens when a climax or intermediate community is impacted by a disturbance.

Answer 44

Secondary succession

Question 45

Restarts the cycle of succession, but not back to the beginning – soil and nutrients still present.

Answer 45

Secondary Succession

Question 46

Refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, and can encompass the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain life.

Answer 46

Biodiversity

Question 47

SAR

Answer 47

Species-area relationship

Question 48

Large areas contain more species than small areas

Answer 48

Area and Species Richness

Question 49

Species richness, at broad spatial scales, tends to increase with an increase in primary productivity

Answer 49

Productivity and Species Richness

Question 50

At smaller spatial scales, the relationship between productivity and species richness is more varied; both ______ and ________ relationships occur

Answer 50

*positive *negative

Question 51

higher species diversity lead to ___________.

Answer 51

higher ecosystem productivity

Question 52

2 Mechanisms underlying Diversity-Productivity relationship

Answer 52

1. Niche complementarity 2. Species selection

Question 53

occurs when species differ in the way they use limiting resources

Answer 53

Niche complementarity

Question 54

this lead to increased productivity with increased species richness if diverse communities are more likely to contain more productive species that come to dominate the community

Answer 54

Species selection

Question 55

total biomass or total species abundance

Answer 55

Temporal stability of communities

Question 56

communities that are more resistant to invasion by exotic species than are less diverse communities, but this “biotic resistance” does not allow them to repel invaders indenitely or at larger spatial scales

Answer 56

Species-rich experimental

Question 57

It tends to be greater in more diverse communities due to asynchrony in species responses to environmental fluctuations

Answer 57

Temporal stability of communities

Question 58

a measure of disorder and affects all aspects of our daily lives.

Answer 58

entropy