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Biol 143 > community ecology > Flashcards

community ecology Flashcards

1
Q

community

A

interactions between populations of multiple species

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2
Q

ecological niche

A

a specie’s lifestyle

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3
Q

fundamental niche

A

full range of environmental conditions where a species can potentially survive and thrive.

-based on biotic factors

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4
Q

realized niche

A

where an organism actually lives

-based on abiotic and biotic factors
-smaller niche due to interactions with other species

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5
Q

competition is a ___/___ interaction

A

lose/lose (reduces population of both parties)

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6
Q

what are species in competition over?

A

limited resources

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7
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between different species

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8
Q

infraspecific competition

A

competition with members of own species

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9
Q

which is worse and why: interspecific competition or infraspecific competition?

A

infraspecific because you are competing with individuals that share the same niche as you and 100% of your needs overlap

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10
Q

competitive exclusion

A

two species cannot fill the same niche
-one species is a netter competitor and the other is extirpated

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11
Q

resource partitioning

A

dividing up a resource between users to avoid competitive exclusion

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12
Q

how does resource partitioning work?

A

-use different parts or aspects of the resource
-natural selection favors avoiding competition as much as possible

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13
Q

example of resource partitioning

A

Anole (lizard) in the Caribbean all eat insects which puts them in competition. But they eat insects in different places (trunk anoles, shrub anoles, log anoles, leaf anoles, etc.)
-They don’t cross over as much, reducing competition

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14
Q

resource partitioning can only occur…

A

between DIFFERENT species

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15
Q

exploitation is a __/___ scenario

A

win/lose

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16
Q

types of exploitation

A

herbivory, predation, parasitism

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17
Q

herbivory

A

animal benefits while plant/algae is harmed

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18
Q

predation

A

predator benefits while prey os harmed

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19
Q

predator and prey often…

A

evolve characteristics to counter each other

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20
Q

parasitism

A

parasitic species benefits while host is harmed

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21
Q

natural selection favors defenses in exploited organisms such as:

A

physical harm (spines/spikes)
foul taste (chemicals)
toxins (harmful chemicals)

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22
Q

exploiting organisms may develop..

A

resistance

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23
Q

how can coloration help against exploitation?

A

-camouflage
-warning colors: warns that they contain toxic chemicals
-mimicry: copies a foul tasting/toxic organism

24
Q

how can safety in numbers help against exploitation?

A

-confuse predator (make it confusing and hard to pick an individual to chase)
-protect each other

25
Q

predator prey cycle is said to be

A

boom and bust

26
Q

predator prey cycle:

A
  1. High prey population
  2. High predator population
  3. Predators destroy prey population
  4. Many predators starve
  5. Fewer predators and prey population regrows
27
Q

types of positive interactions:

A

commensalism, mutualism, facilitation

28
Q

commensalism

A

o Win- neutral interaction
o One species benefits while the other is unaffected

29
Q

mutualism

A

o Win-win interaction
o Both species benefits
o Species may become dependent on each other

30
Q

facilitation

A

o Improves physical environment for another species
o Example: coral creates reefs

31
Q

species diversity is higher in..

A

more complex environments (only 1 species per niche, but greater variety of niches for species)

32
Q

measures of diversity include

A

species richness
species evens

33
Q

diversity buffers community against..

A

disturbance: communities with low diversity are easier to damage, and they recover more slowly

34
Q

species richness:

A

of different species

35
Q

species evenness or relative abundance:

A

how many of each species compared to total

36
Q

ecotones occur where..

A

physical environment changes (border between 2 ecosystems)

37
Q

why do ecotones often have higher biodiversity?

A

Because greater number of niches = more diversity, and between two ecosystems there are more niches available.

38
Q

producers

A

create energy from the sun
-Most important source of energy in most ecosystems

39
Q

consumers

A

obtain energy from other organisms

40
Q

primary consumers

A

eat producers

41
Q

secondary consumers

A

eat primary consumers

42
Q

detritivores

A

eat dead things

43
Q

trophic structure

A

feeding relationship between species

44
Q

food chains

A

linear path that shows what eat what
*Transfer of food through trophic levels

45
Q

order of food chain (bottom to top)

A

primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, quaternary consumers

46
Q

food webs

A

combination of multiple food chains
*Feeding relationships between many species

47
Q

bottom up control

A

-regulation of ecosystem dynamics by the availability of energy or nutrients

-reduces the overall energy supply, narrowing the base of the ecological pyramid

  • it influences every trophic level above it
48
Q

In this scenario, changes at the bottom of the pyramid have widespread effects throughout the entire ecosystem, highlighting the interconnectedness of species and their reliance on resource availability.

A

bottom up control

49
Q

Top-down control

A

-Predation pattern of top predators

-Changes consumer abundance in lower trophic levels

50
Q

keystone species:

A

maintain diversity and hold up many species in the environment

51
Q

example of keystone species (otters)

A
  • They eat urchins
  • Urchins are bad since they eat kelp and destroy forests
  • Otters facilitate kelp forest habitats, which are one of the most diverse marine systems
52
Q

communities are dynamic:

A

change as environment changes

53
Q

ecological succession

A
  • Occurs when all vegetation is removed
  • Predictable progression of plant and animal species
  • One species prepares environment for next species
54
Q

primary succession

A

-area that has no established soil
-Usually new volcanic island or after glacial retreat
-Occurs in stages

55
Q

stages of primary succession

A

pioneer stage, dryas stage, alder stage (puts nitrogen into soil), spruce stage

56
Q

secondary succession

A

land that has been destroyed by disaster
* Bare soil
* Often after fire

Biol 143 (21 decks)

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