diversity: fungi

Question 1

fungi are ________________trophs

Answer 1

chemoheterotrophs

Question 2

fungi ___ nutrients from…

Answer 2

absorb; their environments

Question 3

how do fungi absorb nutrients from environment?

Answer 3

 Some secrete digestive enzymes into environment around them, and then absorb the digested nutrients.
 Some enter cells of other organisms to absorb nutrients
* Parasitic: steal from other organisms
* Mutualistic

Question 4

fungi: lifestyles

Answer 4

 Decomposers
 Parasites
 Symbiotic mutualists

Question 5

fungi cell walls

Answer 5

-made of chitin
-storng but flexible

Question 6

multicellular fungi are mostly made of

Answer 6

hyphae: tiny filaments
-high surface area

Question 7

mycelium

Answer 7

 Network of hyphae
 Spread throughout food source

Question 8

Mycorrhizal fungi exchange nutrients with ..

Answer 8

plant roots

Question 9

arbuscles are hyphae used for

Answer 9

exchange

Question 10

how do fungi usually spread

Answer 10

spores

Question 11

spores:

Answer 11

 Sexual or asexual lifecycles can produce spores
 Spores are very light, making them easier to disperse to new environment
 Little metabolism: can last a long time
 They germinate and start growing in good conditions

Question 12

sexual reproduction of fungi

Answer 12

-most fungal cells are haploid
-they have separate mating types
-exchange nuclei with opposite mating type (nuclei don’t fuse immediately)
-form diploid cells
-produce haploid spores via meiosis

Question 13

asexual reproduction of fungi

Answer 13

Molds: grow stalks to release spores

Yeasts: single cells that reproduce by dividing
*Some can merge into mycelia

Question 14

chytrids

Answer 14

-common in lakes/soils
-produce swimming zoospores that have flagella
-decomposers/parasites/mutualists

Question 15

zygomycetes: complex lifecycle

Answer 15

• Sexual and asexual stages
  o Both produce spores
• Asexual reproduction occurs in good conditions
  o Natural selection is not needed and it is faster
• Sexual reproduction occurs in poor conditions
  o Natural selection is helpful if offspring are in new environment and need to adapt

Question 16

glomeromycetes: mutualists with plants

Answer 16

-forms mycorrhizae: warp around or go into plant roots
-fungus gives water and nutrients
-plants gives sugar

Question 17

glomeromycetes: effectively increases reach of plant roots and connects roots to other plants, allowing …

Answer 17

communication between plants and exchange of nutrients

Question 18

ascocarps

Answer 18

large structures that asci form on

Question 19

ascomycetes are ___ parasites

Answer 19

plant

Question 20

ascomycetes: lichen

Answer 20

• Mutualism with algae or cyanobacteria

Question 21

basidiomycetes

Answer 21

 Spores produced on basidium
* Pedestal or club like structures
* Basidiocarps are larger structures that basidia form on

Question 22

many mushrooms are

Answer 22

basidiomycetes

Question 23

basidiocarp formation

Answer 23

 Hyphae can flow together to form basidiocarp
* Does not make new cells like plants do, just reorganizes them.
 Can appear in a few hours
 Gill like structures underneath contain basidia

Question 24

why do mushrooms grow in a ring

Answer 24

a fungal spore starts in center and grows out in circle, the edge of the circle grows a ring mushrooms every once in a while when reproduction is necessary.

Question 25

lichen

Answer 25

 Mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae (cyanobacteria)
 Fungi provides protection and nutrients
 Algae provides energy

Question 26

animal mutualism

Answer 26

 Animals cannot digest cellulose
 Some fungi can break cellulose
 Grazing animals and termites have fungi in digestive system that will decompose plants
 Leafcutter ants harvest leaves to farm fungi

Question 27

human mutualisms

Answer 27

 Yeasts produces CO2 and alcohol in anaerobic conditions
 Beer, wine, bread

Question 28

amanita mushrooms contain

Answer 28

muscimol

• Psychoactive chemical
• Changes your size perception

Question 29

fungi parasites

Answer 29

 Steal nutrients from host
* Don’t give anything back
 Often are plan pathogens
* Ergo of rye
 Currently contributing to amphibian declines
* Chytridiomycota fungus infects amphibian skin
* Inhibits gas exchange