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Biol 143 > vascular plant structure > Flashcards

vascular plant structure Flashcards

1
Q

2 main clades of flowering plants

A

monocots and eudicots

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2
Q

monocots and eudicots are named for their number of

A

cotyledons: embryonic leaves in seed

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3
Q

monocots have ___ leaf veins

A

parallel

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4
Q

monocots are mostly …

A

Lillies and grasses

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5
Q

monocots: floral parts are in multiples of

A

3

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6
Q

eudicots have __ leaf veins

A

branched

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7
Q

eudicots: floral parts are in multiples of

A

4 or 5

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8
Q

parenchyma cells

A

*Thin and flexible walls
*Where plant metabolism occurs (photosynthesis)

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9
Q

collenchyma cells

A

*Living support cells
*Can lengthen if needed
*Often found in parts of the plant that are growing (stem/roots)

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10
Q

sclerenchyma cells

A
  • Support cells, but they are often dead
  • Cannot grow further
  • They have thick walls that are strengthened with lignin protein
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11
Q

xylem cells transport

A

water

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12
Q

phloem cells transport

A

sugary sap

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13
Q

plant cells are organized into

A

tissues

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14
Q

plants are built as a series of layers called

A

tissue systems

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15
Q

tissue system layers:

A

dermal, vascular, and ground

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16
Q

dermal :

A

covers outside of plant

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17
Q

vascular:

A

forms the core of plant

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18
Q

ground:

A

between dermal and vascular

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19
Q

roots can be organized into

A

central taproot and spreading lateral roots

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20
Q

stems:

A

nodes where leaves attach

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21
Q

internodes:

A

between leaves

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22
Q

___ bud at end of stem

A

apical

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23
Q

___ buds near leaves

A

axillary

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24
Q

leaves: flat blade and stem like _____

A

petiole

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25
Q

stems + leaves =

A

shoot system

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26
Q

intermediate growth

A

no set full grown size

true for most plants

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27
Q

determinate growth

A

have a typical full grown size

true for most animals and many plants

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28
Q

primary plant growth

A

makes roots and shoots longer

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29
Q

secondary plant growth

A

makes roots and shoots thicker

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30
Q

meristems are required for

A

growth

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31
Q

plant stem cells:
-divide to produce…

-enable…

-found…

A

-new cells

-plant growth

-inside meristems

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32
Q

apical meristems

A

tips of roots and shoots

enables primary growth

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33
Q

lateral meristem

A

ring around stems and roots

enables secondary growth

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34
Q

intercalary meristem

A

in monocots only

continually grow leaves from base

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35
Q

root hairs

A

tiny extensions of root epidermis that increases surface area for absorption

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36
Q

most water is absorbed through…

A

root hairs

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37
Q

where are root hairs found

A

end of roots

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38
Q

internal structure of root: vascular cylinder location in center/middle…

A

*Larger xylem more central
*Smaller phloem are more outward
*Pericycle around vascular cylinder

39
Q

internal structure of root: cortex

A

ground tissue between epidermis and vascular cylinder

40
Q

endodermis:

A

inner layer of cortex

stores sugar

transports water and nutrients inward

41
Q

primary root growth is created by

A

root apical meristem

42
Q

primary root growth:

-meristem is protected by…

A

root cap

43
Q

primary root growth:

A

meristem divides toward both ends of roots. cells elongate behind root tip, pushing the root through soil

44
Q

lateral roots grow from

A

pericycle: layer surrounding vascular cylinder

45
Q

lateral root growth is stimulated in

A

in soil with more nutrients

46
Q

tap roots

A
  • Deep root with lateral roots
  • Allows access to water deep in the soil
  • Common in eudicots
47
Q

fibrous roots

A
  • Many small roots
  • Remove water from soil very quickly after rain
  • Common in monocots
48
Q

aerial roots

A
  • Small plants grow on branches of larger plant and never reach soil
  • Grow down from tree branches to soil
49
Q

prop roots

A
  • Branch to the side to provide additional support
  • Important in loose soil or shallow root system
50
Q

pneumatophores:

A

supply oxygen to deeper root tissues where there is no oxygen
o Roots need oxygen for cellular respiration

51
Q

nodes

A

leaf, bud, or branch attachment

52
Q

axillary buds

A

meristem in nodes

53
Q

internodes

A

no leaves, buds, or branches

54
Q

stem structure: vascular bundles

A

xylem and phloem

55
Q

stem structure: Poth vs cortex ( ground tissue )

A

-poth: central of stem inside vascular tissue

-cortex: between vascular bundles and epidermis

56
Q

dicot:
-vascular bundles in ___

  • ____ inside, ___ outside
A
  • ring
    -xylem; phloem
57
Q

monocot:
- ____ vascular bundles

-mixed …

A

-scattered
-mixed xylem and phloem in each bundle

58
Q

primary shoot growth is created by

A

shoot apical meristem

59
Q

apical dominance

A
  • Apical bud reduces axillary bud growth
  • Prevents side shoots near growing tip of shoot
60
Q

primary shoot growth creates structures along stem:

A

leaves and axially meristems

61
Q

primary shoot growth creates structures within stem

A

lateral meristems and primary xylem/phloem

62
Q

secondary shoot growth is created by

A

lateral meristems
-2 kinds: vascular cambium and cork cambium

63
Q

vascular cambium

*Divides inward to create _____
*Divides outward to create _____
*Seasonal changes form ______

A

-secondary xylem
-secondary phloem
-tree rings

64
Q

cork cambium divides outward to create

A

cork

65
Q

bark =

A

secondary phloem + cork

66
Q

rhizomes and corms (stem modifications)

A
  • Underground stems which can sprout new plants
  • Have nodes and internodes
  • Used for energy storage
67
Q

rhizomes and corms: example

A

ginger

68
Q

stolons and runners (stem modifications)

A

Run near soil surface to form new plants

69
Q

tubers and bulbs (stem modifications)

A
  • Underground stems modified for energy storage (Store energy as starch or sugar)
  • Axillary buds can grow into new plants
  • Bulbs have layers of leaves
70
Q

tubers and bulbs example

A

potato

71
Q

tendrils (stem modifications )

A
  • Slender stems that wrap around structures
  • Provide support for plant
  • Usually seen in vines
72
Q

thorns (stem modifications)

A

Modified branches that protect plant from being eaten by large herbivores

73
Q

petiole

A

connects leaf to stem

74
Q

blade/lamina

A

flat portion of leaf

75
Q

vein

A

vascular tissue in leaf

76
Q

veins contain

A

xylem and phloem

77
Q

midrib

A

central vein (eudicots only)

78
Q

margin

A

edge of leaf

79
Q

venation pattern in monocots

A
  • Parallel venation
  • Veins DO NOT merge
80
Q

venation pattern in dicots

A
  • Net like venation
  • Repeated branching pattern
  • Often start from central vein
81
Q

eudicot leaf types: simple

A

each leaf has one blade (no leaflets)

82
Q

eudicot leaf types: compound

A

multiple blades

83
Q

palmately compound

A

leaflets branch from one point

84
Q

pinnately compound

A

leaflets ranch along central vein

85
Q

doubly compound

A

leaflets branch along veins attached to central vein

86
Q

cuticle (on surface)

A
  • Waxy coating, not cells
  • Reduces water loss
87
Q

___ is under the cuticle

A

epidermis

88
Q

stomata

A
  • Openings for gas exchange
  • Surrounded by guard cells
89
Q

mesophyll

A
  • Center of leaf
  • Specialized for photosynthesis
90
Q

leaf vein

A
  • Xylem and phloem
91
Q

stomata: gas exchange details

A

O2 exits leaf, CO2 enters leaf

92
Q

transpiration

A

water evaporation out of leaf controlled by opening or closing stomata

93
Q

guard cells

A

open or close stomata

94
Q

what do pitcher plants, Venus fly traps, and sundew plants do?

A
  • Capture animals, digest prey

Biol 143 (21 decks)

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