Community Ecology

Question 1

Community

Answer 1

Interacting populations at a particular location at a particular time

Question 2

what is community characterized by

Answer 2

Species richness

Primary productivity

Question 3

Species richness

Answer 3

Number of species present

Question 4

Primary productivity

Answer 4

Amount of energy produced

Question 5

Niche

Answer 5

All the ways an organism uses the resources in its environment

Question 6

what are some examples of niche

Answer 6

• -Space utilization
• -Food consumption
• -Temperature range
• -Appropriate conditions for mating
• -Requirements for moisture and more

Question 7

Interspecific competition

Answer 7

Occurs when two species attempt to use the same resource and there is not enough resource to satisfy both

Question 8

Interference competition

Answer 8

Physical interactions over access to resources

Question 9

Exploitative competition

Answer 9

Consuming the same resources

Question 10

Fundamental niche

Answer 10

Entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on physiological tolerance limits and resource needs

Question 11

Realized niche

Answer 11

Actual set of environmental conditions, presence or absence of other species, in which the species can establish a stable population

Question 12

Competitive exclusion principle

Answer 12

Species with identical resource requirements cannot coexist

Question 13

Resource partitioning among sympatric lizard species

Answer 13

Subdivided niche to avoid direct competition

Question 14

Resource partitioning results from

Answer 14

Results from natural selection

Question 15

Resource partitioning is often seen

Answer 15

in similar species that occupy the same geographic area

Question 16

Character displacement

Answer 16

Differences in morphology evident between sympatric species

Question 17

Predation

Answer 17

Consuming of one organism by another

Question 18

what does predation strongly influence

Answer 18

Predation strongly influences prey populations

Question 19

Predation provides

Answer 19

strong selective pressure on the prey population

Question 20

what may follow due to predation

Answer 20

Co-evolution race

Question 21

Chemical defenses in animals

Monarch butterfly

Answer 21

comes from what they eat

-caterpillars feed on milkweed and dogbane families and incorporate cardiac glycosides into their bodies

Question 22

Defensive coloration

Answer 22

Many poisonous animals use warning coloration

Question 23

Organisms that lack chemical defenses

Answer 23

are seldom brightly colored

Have camouflage or cryptic coloration

Question 24

Mimicry allows

Answer 24

one species to capitalize on defensive strategies of another

Question 25

Batesian mimicry

Answer 25

Mimics look like distasteful | or predatory species

Question 26

Müllerian mimicry

Answer 26

Several unrelated but poisonous species come to resemble one another

Question 27

Symbiosis

Answer 27

2 or more organisms interacting in a long-term association

Question 28

Three major types of symbiosis

Answer 28

Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

Question 29

Commensalism

Answer 29

+,0

Question 30

Mutualism

Answer 30

+,+

Question 31

Parasitism

Answer 31

+,-

Question 32

what are the two types of parasitism

Answer 32

External parasites Internal parasites

Question 33

External parasites

Answer 33

Ectoparasites | Parasitoids

Question 34

Ectoparasites

Answer 34

feed on exterior surface of an organism

Question 35

Parasitoids

Answer 35

insects that lay eggs on living hosts | --Wasp, whose larvae feed on the body of the host, killing it

Question 36

External parasite: the yellow vines

Answer 36

a parasite that obtains its food from the host plant it grows on

Question 37

Internal parasites

Answer 37

Endoparasites

Question 38

Endoparasites

Answer 38

live inside the host --Extreme specialization by the parasite as to which host it invades --Many parasites have complex life cycles involving more than one host

Question 39

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Answer 39

is a flatworm that lives in ants & cattle

Question 40

Dicrocoelium dendriticum causes

Answer 40

Causes the ant to climb to the top of a blade of grass to be eaten with the grass

Question 41

Toxoplasmosis

Answer 41

slide 24

Question 42

what predation reduces

Answer 42

competition

Question 43

what does predators choice depends on

Answer 43

relative abundance of the prey options

Question 44

the number of superior competitors may be reduced by

Answer 44

predation

Question 45

Indirect effects

Answer 45

presence of one species may affect a second by way of interactions with a third species

Question 46

Keystone species can

Answer 46

manipulate the environment in ways that create new habitats for other species

Question 47

Communities are constantly changing as a result of

Answer 47

Climatic changes Species invasions Disturbance events

Question 48

Early successional species are characterized by

Answer 48

r-selected species

Question 49

Facilitation

Answer 49

: early successional species introduce local changes in the habitat

Question 50

in facilitation what happens to r-selected species

Answer 50

K-selected species replace r-selected species

Question 51

Secondary succession

Answer 51

Occurs in areas where an existing community has been disturbed but organisms still remain - Field left uncultivated - Forest after a fire

Question 52

where does primary succession occurs

Answer 52

on bare, lifeless substrate Ex. Open water Rocks

Question 53

what happens to an organisms' nature when it moves into an area

Answer 53

nature change

Question 54

Succession

Answer 54

Communities have a tendency to change from simple to complex

Question 55

what is an example of a keystone species

Answer 55

beavers

Question 56

Keystone species

Answer 56

Species whose effects on the composition of communities are greater than one might expect based on their abundance

Question 57

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Answer 57

Communities experiencing moderate amounts of disturbance will have higher levels of species richness than communities experiencing either little or great amounts of disturbance