Regulatory systems Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
what are the factors of being smaller in relations to size and thermoregulation
A
- have much higher metabolism to keep warm
- Lose more heat due to large surface area
- must be well insulated in cold environments
2
Q
what is the factors of being larger in relations to size and thermoregulation
A
- Have lower metabolic rate
- Retain heat better due to high volume
- usually have little insulation -can overheat
3
Q
what is the rate of any chemical reaction affected by
A
temperature
4
Q
what happens to a reaction when the temp is higher
A
the reaction occurs quicker
5
Q
what is mainly affected by temp
A
enzymes
6
Q
what is Body temperature is determined by
A
- internal factors, such as metabolism
- external factors that affect heat transfer
- Behavior
7
Q
what is body heat
A
Body heat = heat produced + heat transferred
8
Q
characteristic of heat transferred
A
- it can be either positive or negative
- can be used for both heating and cooling
9
Q
what are the Four mechanisms of heat transfer relevant to biological systems
A
- radition
- conduction
- convection
- evaporation
10
Q
radiation
A
By electromagnetic radiation
11
Q
Conduction
A
Directly between two objects
12
Q
Convection
A
By the movement of a gas or liquid
13
Q
Evaporation
A
Conversion of water to gas
14
Q
what is thermogenesis
A
Use of energy to acquire heat
-this happens when temp falls below a threshold
15
Q
what three ways can thermogenesis occur
A
- Change chemical composition of cells/tissues
- Alter metabolism to produce heat
- Shivering uses muscles to generate heat
16
Q
what three ways do plants respond to cold temp
A
- Increasing number of unsaturated lipids in their plasma membranes
- Limiting ice crystal formation to extracellular spaces
- Producing antifreeze proteins
17
Q
how does a plant survive -40Cdegree weather
A
by undergoing supercooling
18
Q
how do plants respond to high temps
A
- heat shock proteins
2. thermotolerance
19
Q
heat shock proteins happens if
A
exposed to rapid temperature increases
20
Q
Thermotolerance
A
Plants can survive otherwise lethal temperatures if they are gradually exposed to increasing temperature
21
Q
What are the three classifications of heat generation in organism
A
endotherms
ectotherms
heterotherms
22
Q
Endotherms
A
Produce heat, so they have a high metabolic rate Examples: Mammals Birds Some sharks
23
Q
Ectotherms
A
Produce no heat, so they have low metabolic rates
Examples:
Inverts
Most fish, amphibians, modern reptiles
24
Q
Heterotherms
A
fall between the extremes both endo and ectotherms
25
pro of ectotherms
have the advantage of low energy intake
26
Con of ectotherms
are not capable of sustained high-energy activity
27
how do ectotherms regulate their temp
by using behavior
Ex. insects shiver reflex
reptiles stay in the sun
28
pro of endotherms
allows sustained high-energy activity
29
Con of endotherms
requires constant and high energy intake (food)
30
how do endotherms keep cool body temp
sweating or panting
31
what does vasoconstriction do
decreases blood flow, therefore limits heat loss
32
what does vasodilation do
increases blood flow, therefore increases heat dissipation
33
what can endotherms increase
increase metabolism
34
what do endotherms need
- insulation
| - blood flow to the surface
35
Pyrogens
cause a rise in temperature
36
how does pyrogens cause a rise in temperature
Acts on the hypothalamus to increase the normal temperature
Produce fever
37
Torpor
is a state of dormancy
38
how is dormancy obtained in torpor
-by reducing the metabolic rate and temperature
39
what is hibernation
an extreme state in which torpor lasts for weeks or months
40
how are heterotrophs divided
into groups based on the foods they eat
41
what are essential nutrients
substances that the body can't make and needs to be consumed
42
what are some of the essential nutrients
- vitamins
- amino acids
- long-chain unsaturated fatty acids
- minerals
43
what are the types of digestive systems
- intracellular
| - extracellular
44
what type of digestion does single celled organisms have
intracellular
45
what type of digestion does multicellular organism have
extracellular
46
what is extracellular digestion
digestion within the body cavity
47
what type of digestion do Cnidarians and flatworms have
- extracellular digestion through a gastrovascular cavity
| - Has only one opening, and no specialized regions
48
when does specialization occurs in digestion
when the digestive tract has a separate mouth and anus
49
what do more complex animals have for a digestive system
a digestive tract specialized in different regions
50
what happens to ingested food in digestion
-subjected to physical fragmentation
-stored
-chemically digested
hydrolysis reactions break food into subunits
Proteins to amino acids
Carbohydrates into sugars
absorption through epithelial lining into the blood
-Wastes are excreted from the anus
51
what happens as the food gets chemically digested
- hydrolysis reactions break food into subunits
- -Proteins to amino acids
- -Carbohydrates into sugars
- absorption
52
where does absorption occur
through epithelial lining into the blood
53
what does the digestive system of a vertebrate consist of
a tubular gastrointestinal tract
54
what are the parts of the gastrointestinal tract
```
Mouth and pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Cloaca or rectum
```
55
Mouth and pharynx
= Entry
56
Esophagus
= Delivers food to stomach
57
Stomach
= Preliminary digestion
58
Small intestine
= Absorption
59
Large intestine
= Concentration of wastes
60
Cloaca or rectum
= Waste storage and elimination
61
what are the accessory organs in vertebrate digestive system
- Salivary glands
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
62
Salivary glands
Produce saliva
63
Liver
Produces bile
64
Gallbladder
Stores and concentrates bile
65
Pancreas
Produces pancreatic juice and bicarbonate buffer
66
what are the four layer of the GI tract
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis
- Serosa
67
Mucosa
= Epithelium that lines the interior, or lumen, of the tract
68
Submucosa
= Connective tissue
69
Muscularis
= Double layer of smooth muscles
70
Serosa
= Epithelium that covers the external surface of the tract
71
what are teeth used for
acquiring food processing (masticating) food (chewing)
72
what kinds of teeth do carnivores have
for puncturing and shearing
73
what kinds of teeth do herbivores have
large, flat, grinding teeth
74
what kinds of teeth do humans have
carnivore-like teeth in the front and herbivore-like teeth in the back
75
Gizzard
= Muscular chamber that uses ingested pebbles to pulverize food
76
what does a bird have instead of teeth
two-chambered stomach (gizzard)
77
what is salivation controlled by
the NS
| -Tasting, smelling, thinking or talking about food stimulate salivation
78
what is the purpose of saliva
Moistens and lubricates the food
| Contains salivary amylase
79
salivary amylase
breaks down of starch
80
Venom
- is a toxin
- either subdues the prey or kills it
- “expensive” to make
- Evolved from modified salivary glands
81
Swallowing
Elevation of the larynx (voice box) pushes the glottis against the epiglottis
82
how are Amino acids and monosaccharides transported and where are they carried to
- through epithelial cells to blood
| - Blood carries these products to the liver
83
where do Fatty acids and monoglycerides diffuse
diffuse into epithelial cells
| Enter the lymphatic system and later join the circulatory system
84
waste material
is usually concentrated
85
waste in mammals and other vertebrate and monotremes
Most mammals have a rectum
Other vertebrates and monotremes have a cloaca, where the urinary, reproductive, and gastrointestinal tracts join
86
what happens to water before defecation
its reabsorbed
87
What might the digestive tract contain
Bacteria that convert cellulose into sugar
88
What do all mammals rely on intestinal bacteria for
to synthesize vitamin K
89
Ruminants
Have four chambered stomach
90
What are the four chambers of a ruminant stomach
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
91
What does rumen have
It has cellulose degrading microbes
92
What is rumination
Regurgitating and rechewing
93
Where s horses, rabbits, and deer digest cellulose
In the cecum
94
What is coprophagy
Animals eat their feces to absorb more nutrients
95
What organelle needs oxygen
Mitochondria
96
What is gas exchange dependent on
Surface area
97
What happens to surface area to volume ratio as the volume increases
Surface area to volume ratio decreases
98
What don't smaller organisms need?
| How is gas exchanged?
don't need specialized breathing structures
Exchange gas through skin
99
What do large animals have for breathing?
| What do these structures add
Have lungs, gills, etc
| These structures add surface area
100
How does gas diffuse in single called organisms
Directly through the membrane
| Hight SA:V ratio
101
Hematopoiesis
blood cell production
102
Platelets
are cell fragments that pinch off from larger cells in the bone marrow
103
function of platelets
formation of blood clots
