Tissues, organs, and homeostasis Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
The dynamic constancy of the internal environment
Maintaining stable internal environment corresponding to the external
2
Q
What is a vascular plant consists of?
A
–Root system
–Shoot system
3
Q
What are the steps of negative feedback
A
- starts with stimulus
- sensors notice change in conditions (stimulus)
- Integrating center compares conditions to a set point
- effector initiate a response
- response brings internal conditions back to set point
- Once at the set point, the sensor no longer detects any change
3
Q
what are examples Negative feedback
A
- increases the body temp
- maintaining homeostasis
4
Q
Antagonistic effector
A
Increasing activity of one effector is accompanied by decrease in the other
5
Q
What is the characteristics of a Root system
A
- Anchors the plant
* absorbs water and minerals
6
Q
What are the characteristics of a Shoot system
A
- supporting stems
- photosynthetic leaves
- reproductive flowers
7
Q
What are plant cell walls primarily made out of?
A
•Plant cell walls primarily of cellulose
8
Q
What are the types of cell wall in a plant?
A
–Primary cell wall
–Secondary cell wall
9
Q
Where is a primary cell wall found?
A
•Found in all cells
10
Q
Where is a secondary cell wall found and what is its purpose?
A
- Found in some cells
* Increase mechanical strength of the cell wall
11
Q
What is the purpose of a cell wall?
A
- “Skeletal” role
* Protective – insects, pathogens, water loss
12
Q
What are the types of tissue systems in plants?
A
- Dermal tissue
- Ground tissue
- Vascular tissue
13
Q
Where are the three basic tissues systems in plants contained?
A
Roots, shoots and leaves
14
Q
What is the function if the dermal tissue?
A
For protection
•Wax and bark
15
Q
What is the function of the ground tissue?
A
For storage
•photosynthesis and secretion
16
Q
What is the function of the vascular tissue?
A
For conduction
•Xylem – Water and dissolved minerals
•Phloem – Nutrient-containing solution
17
Q
which system is responsible for Reproduction and development
A
the reproductive system
- Spreading genes
- nurtures the developing embryo and fetus
18
Q
which system is responsible for defense
A
- Integumentary
- Immune
19
Q
which system is responsible for Regulation and maintenance
A
Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Urinary systems -regulate and maintain the body’s chemistry
20
Q
which system is responsible for Support and movement
A
The musculoskeletal system
-consists of two interrelated organ systems
21
Q
which system is responsible for Communication and integration
A
Nervous Sensory Endocrine -detect external stimuli -coordinate the body’s responses
22
Q
what are the three parts of the neuron
A
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
23
Q
Neuroglia aka myelin sheath
A
- do not conduct electrical impulses
- Support and insulate neurons
- eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons
- form an insulating cover
24
Dendrites
highly branched extensions
| -electrical impulses toward the cell body
25
Cell body
contains the nucleus
26
Axon
is a single cytoplasmic extension
| -impulses away from cell body
27
where is the cardiac muscle only in
the heart
28
what is the cardiac muscle and the characteristics
- smaller, interconnected cells
- Mono-nucleated
- muscle cells form a single functioning unit
29
what are the interconnections in the cardiac muscle called
intercalated disks
30
how is the skeletal muscle attached to the bone
-by tendons
31
what are the characteristics of the skeletal muscle
- its a voluntary muscle
- striated
- the cells are long and multi-nucleated
32
where is the smooth muscle located
-the walls of blood vessels and visceral organs
33
what are the characteristics of the smooth muscle
- its an involuntary muscle
| - its mono-nucleated
34
what are the three special connective tissue
- blood
- bone
- cartilage
35
what is blood made of
- RBC
- WBC
- Platelets
- Plasma
36
what is the extracellular material of blood made of
Plasma
37
what are osteocytes
bone cells
38
in the bone what are osteocytes hardened with
calcium salts around the collagen fibers
39
what are chondrocytes
cartilage cells
40
what is the matrix of the cartilage
chondroitin
41
what is chondroitin
collagen/elastin fibers
42
what are the characteristics of cartilage
- flexible with great tensile strength
| - found in joint surface and other locations
43
what are the three proper connective tissues
- loose connective tissue
- dense connective tissue
- adipose cells (fat cells)
44
what are adipose cells and where do they also occur
they are fat cells
| -they occur in loose connective tissue
45
what can form with large groups of adipose cells
adipose tissue
46
characteristic of adipose cells
develop in large groups of in certain areas, forming adipose tissue
47
what is the difference between loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
dense connective tissue contains less gel more collagen than loose connective tissue
while loose connective tissue contains large amount of a gel-like substance
48
What are the two directions dense connective tissues can be
- collagen fibers can be parallel to each other
example: tendons and ligament
- or go in many different directions
example: dermis of the skin and the whites of the eyes
49
What is loose connective tissue strengthened by
strengthened by protein fibers
50
fibroblasts
are cells that produce and secrete protein fibers in extracellular matrix
51
what are the two types of fibers
- thick and tough which are collagen fibers
| - stretchable which are elastic fibers
52
what is a matrix
its extracellular material
| examples: protein fibers, gels, salts, fluids, fats, etc
53
what cells produce extracellular matrix
fibroblasts
54
what are the characteristics of connective tissues
- derived from embryonic mesoderm
| - all have abundant extracellular material
55
what are the two types of glands
-endocrine
| exocrine
56
how are glands formed
formed from invaginated epithelia
57
How is the exocrine glands connected
-connected to epithelium by a duct
example:
- sweat glands
- sebaceous glands (oils on the skin)
- salivary glands
58
What are the characteristics of the endocrine glands
- they are ductless
| - secretions (hormones)enter blood
59
in epithelial types, what are the three cell types
- flat
- cubed
- thick
60
flat cells
allow for materials to diffuse through
61
cubed cells
absorb and secrete moderately
62
thick cells
absorb, secrete, and process chemicals at the greatest rate
63
in epithelial types, what are the two types of layers
there's one layered and several layered
64
the one layer epithelial type
allows for diffusion, absorption, and secretion
65
the several layers epithelial type
creates a dense barrier to abrasion and chemicals
66
characteristics of epithelial cells
- tightly bound together
- are replaced throughout life
- are attached to underlying connective tissues
- has polarity
67
epithelium polarity
basal surface = secured side
| apical surface = free side
68
how are connective tissues attached
by a fibrous membrane
69
what is the purpose of the epithelium
it covers exposed surfaces of the vertebrates body
70
characteristics of the epithelium
- all germs layers have it
- can be membranes or glands
- provides a protective barrier
71
what are the four primary tissues in adult vertebrates
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
72
what are the tubes within the body plan of all vertebrates
inner tube and outer tube
73
what is the inner tube
the digestive tract
74
what is the outer tube
main vertebrate body
75
what is the outer tube supported by
supported by a skeleton
76
what is the outermost layer consist of
the skin and its accessories
77
how many organs systems are in the vertebrate body
11
78
what is an organ system
groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body
79
what is an organ
combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit
80
what is a tissue
groups of cells with similar function and structure
81
what is a cell
smallest division of life
82
two characteristics of cells
- all life is cellular
| - all cells come from preexisting cells
83
what are the four levels of organization
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
84
how types of cells does a human have
210
85
what are examples of Positive feedback
- Blood clotting
| - Contraction of uterus during childbirth
86
characteristics of Positive feedback
- response is cumulative
| - part of some larger mechanism that maintains homeostasis
87
what are two major aspects of size
- surface area
| - volume
88
surface area
area covering an object
89
volume
space the object takes up
90
how can you change the physiology of an organism
making it bigger will change its physiology
91
what happens when you double the surface area
volume will triple
92
what are meristem cells
clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei
93
what are meristems similar to
they act as stem cells do in animals
94
characteristic of meristem cells
divides creating
- a differentiating cell
- one that remains meristematic
95
where are apical meristems located
at the tips of stems and roots
96
characteristics of apical meristems
-three primary meristems give rise to the three major types of plant tissues
97
Lateral meristems
Exhibit secondary growth by increasing the size of stems and roots
98
how thick is the epidermis
one cell thick
99
what special cells does the dermal tissue contain
- guard cells
- trichomes
- root hairs
100
what are guard cells
Flank a stoma
101
what is a stoma
the passageway for oxygen and carbon dioxide
102
what are trichomes
unicellular or multicellular growths of the epidermis
103
what is the purpose of trichomes
- Keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation
| - Some are glandular, secreting substances that deter herbivory
104
what are root hairs
tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells
105
how does root hairs help
Greatly increase the root’s surface area and efficiency of absorption
106
what the three types of cells in ground tissues
- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
107
what are parenchyma cells
the most common type of plant cells
108
what is the purpose of parenchyma
- Storage
- Photosynthesis
- Secretion
- Provide little to no support
109
what are Collenchyma cells
flexible support for plant organs
110
what are Sclerenchyma cells
– thick walled and dead at maturity
| - lignin
111
what are the two types of Sclerenchyma cells
1) Sclerids
| 2) Fibers
112
what are the characteristics of xylem
–water- and mineral-conducting tissue
–Vessels
–Tracheids
113
What is the structure of vessels in xylem
Continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells
114
What is the structure of tracheids in xylem
Dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another
115
what is the difference between vessels and tracheids in xylem
–Vessels are shorter & wider than tracheids
| And conduct water more efficiently
116
characteristics of phloem
```
-establishes the main food-conducting tissue
(& other long distance signaling)
-2 types of cells
–sieve cells
–sieve tube members
```
117
what are sieve-tube members associated with
-companion cells (life support
118
what the four regions commonly recognized in roots
- Root cap
- Zone of cell division
- Zone of elongation
- Zone of maturation
119
function of root cap
protects delicate tissues behind it
120
function of zone of cell division
rapid divisions of the root apical meristem
121
functions of zone of elongation
- roots grow because cell become longer
| - roots don't grow after this zone
122
function of zone of maturation
elongated cells become differentiated into specific cell types
123
what is the vascular tissue surrounded by in the zone of maturation
endodermis
124
what is the ground tissue surrounded by in the zone of maturation
epidermis
125
what is the ground tissue now known as
the cortex
126
what does the epidermis in plants grow
root hairs
127
in the zone of maturation what is the casparian strip
- watertight layer between endodermis cells
| - Water cannot travel between cells, MUST travel through them
128
in the zone of maturation where does secondary growth happen
woody plant roots
129
what is vascular cambium and does it cause
- A ring of meristematic tissue surrounding the xylem
| - causes lateral growth of the xylem, expanding root width
130
how many tissue types does a stem have
3
131
what does shoot meristem produce
primordia which
| Develop into leaves, other shoots and flowers
132
node
point of attachment of the leaf to the stem
133
internode
area of the stem between two nodes
134
blade
flattened part f the leaf
135
petiole
stalk of the leaf
136
axil
angle between petiole/blade and the stem
137
axillary bud
develops into branches with leaves or form flowers
138
terminal bud
extends the shoot system during the growing season
139
what are the seven parts of the external stem structure
1. node
2. internode
3. blade
4. petiole
5. axil
6. axillary bud
7. terminal bud
140
what is the external ground tissue known as
cortex
141
what is the internal ground tissue known as
pitch
142
what are the two possible arrangement of the internal stem structure
- some have vascular bundles scattered throughout
| - others have vascular tissue arranged in a ring with pitch and cortex
143
where is the Vascular cambium located and how does the stem width expands
Located between xylem and phloem (as in roots)
expands stem width by growing new xylem
-one year = three rings
144
where is the Periderm
| located
Outside phloem
145
what does periderm have to bark
Has a meristematic cork cambium that produces cork cells for bark
146
what happens to cork tissue cells after they are formed
die shortly after they are formed and create the outer bark
147
The cork cambium also produces what cells
cells called lenticels
148
what is the purpose of lenticels
Permit gas exchange to continue
149
what are the three parts of the internal stem structure
1. ground tissue
2. vascular cambium
3. periderm
150
what is leaves the main site of
photosynthesis
151
characteristics of leaves
- determinate growth
- veins contains of both xylem and phloem
- veins are distributed throughout the leaf blades
- waste accumulation
152
what three ways can a leaf be arranged
1. alternate
ex. ivy
2. opposite
ex. periwinkle
3. whorled
ex. sweet woodruff
153
what is the most common leaf arrangement
alternate
154
what are the two types of leaf blades
1. simple leaves
| 2. compund leaves
155
what do simple leaves contain
undivided blades
| May have teeth, indentations or lobes
156
what do compound leaves have
have blades that are divided into leaflets
157
what is the leaf surface covered by
by transparent epidermal cells
158
what does the epidermis of the leaf surface have
a waxy cuticle and stomata on lower epidermis
159
what are the two types of mesophyll
1. palisade mesophyll
| 2. spongy mesophyll
160
what is the usual structure of palisade mesophyll
Usually two rows of tightly packed cells
161
what is the usual structure of spongy mesophyll
Loosely arranged cells with air spaces
