Companion Animal Preventive Care: Vaccines

Question 1

What is the purpose of vaccines?

Answer 1

• trigger protective immune responses
• lessen the severity
• can prevent infection

Question 2

Who licenses vaccines?

Answer 2

USDA

Question 3

What is the difference between core and non-core vaccines?

Answer 3

Core vaccines: vital to all pets based on risk of exposure, severity of disease or transmissibility to humans

Non-core vaccines: depending on the pet’s exposure risk

Question 4

What are the core vaccines for dogs?

Answer 4

• cannine destemper (highly contagious)
• canine infectious heptatitis (adenovirus, jaundice; CAV-1)
• canine parovovirus (GI tract affected, rapid dehydration)
• cannine parainfluenza
• canine rabies virus (fatal; zoonosis)
• canine influenza
• leptospira

Question 5

What are the core vaccines for cats?

Answer 5

• feline panleukopenia virus - highly contagious, often fatal
• feline herpevirus - rhinotracheitis
• feline calivivirus - ulcerations in mouth
• feline leukemia virus
• feline rabies virus
• feline infectious peritonitis

rhinotracheitis - inflammation of the conjuctiva

Question 6

What are non-core vaccines for dogs?

Answer 6

• bordetella bronchiseptica (kennel cough)
• canine borrelia burgdoferi (lyme disease)
• canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV)
• leptospira ssp.
• cannine influenza virus (CIV)
• Crotalo Atrox

Question 7

What are non-core vaccines for cats?

Answer 7

• chlamydophilia felis (feline strain)
• bordetella bronchispetica
• feline leukemia virus
• feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

Question 8

What are inactivated vaccines?

Answer 8

They are killed; highly stable preparations of whole-cell virus or bacteria incapable of replicating following administration.

Question 9

What are characteristics of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 9

• need multiple doses (2 initial doses)
• less immunogenic compared to attentuated vaccines
• adjuvants
• aqueous product
• multiple dose –> multiple needs
• often considered the safest vaccine type b/c the immunizing agent is dead

immunogenic - duration of immunity of memory of bacteria or virus
adjuvants - a variety of substances that maintain or depot the anitgen as well as stimulate an inflammatory response to the vaccine antigens

Question 10

How are inactivated vaccines administered?

Answer 10

• parenteral administeration (subcutaneously SQ or intramuscularly IM)
• not administered directly into mucosal surfaces (intranasal IN)

Question 11

How far apart are the two intial doses given?

Answer 11

2-4 (2-6) weeks apart

with the exception of rabies

Question 12

inactivated vaccines

What is the purpose of the two initial doses?

Answer 12

1st - primes the immune response
2nd - provides the protective immune response

Question 13

Inactivated vaccines primarily stimulate which type of immunity?

Answer 13

Systemic humoral immunity

Question 14

What is the duration of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 14

1 year; needs revaccination

rabies is every 3 years

Question 15

attenuated vaccines

Definition

Answer 15

It is a live, modified-live (virus) or avirulent-live (bacteria) vaccine that induces an imune response (humoral or cell-mediated) that mimics natural infection without the disease-producing ability

Question 16

attenuated vaccines

Route of administrations

Answer 16

Intranasally, parenterally (SQ, or IM)

killed vaccine will not immunize if administered onto a mucosal surface

Question 17

attenuated vaccines

Duration of immunity

Answer 17

• up to five years
• every 3 years for viral core
• annually for bacterial vaccines

attentuated vaccines

Question 18

attenuated vaccines

Characteristics

Answer 18

• one dose (every 3-4 weeks between 8 and 16 wks)
• high immunogenic
• last longer than inactivated vaccines

Question 19

Recombinant vaccines

Definition

Answer 19

vaccines that are made from genetic modification; taking fragment of DNA protein from virus and inserting into canarypox vector virus to provide stronger and faster immunity

Question 20

Recombinant vaccines

Route of administrations

Answer 20

IM, SQ, IN

Question 21

Recombinant vaccines

Duration of immunity

Answer 21

1-3 years

Question 22

Recombinant vaccine

Immunotherapeutic biologies

Answer 22

Takes pathogen gene that codes for protective antigen –> inserted into E.coli plasmid –> purfication
or enteres canarypox vaccine –> transfected into cells that have canarypox virus –> poxyvirus expresses protective antigen

Question 23

Recombinat vaccine

Characteristics

Answer 23

• does not contain whole virus
• inserted into some sort of plasmid

Question 24

Toxoid vaccine

Definition

Answer 24

made from selected toxins (proteins) that have been suffieciently attenuated and are able to induce humoral (antibody) immune response

Question 25

# Toxoid vaccine Characteristics

Answer 25

* may need multiple does * humoral response * shorter immunity

Question 26

# Toxoid vaccine Route of administrations

Answer 26

IM

Question 27

# Toxoid vaccine Duration of immunity

Answer 27

shorter than attenuated viral vaccines

Question 28

# Toxoid vaccine Immunotherapeutic biologies

Answer 28

leverage the body's immune system to neutralize toxins, rather than the bacteria themselves, by using inactivated toxins to trigger antibody production and memory B cells for long-term protection

Question 29

What are maternally derived antibody?

Answer 29

antibodies (AB) that the young receive from their mom ## Footnote high levels of maternal AB will block effectiveness of a vaccine

Question 30

# maternally derived antibody what is the window of susceptibility?

Answer 30

period of time from several days to several weeks in which the maternal ABs are too low to provide protection against the disease, but too high to allow a vaccine to work ## Footnote this is the time when depsite being vaccinated, a puppy or kitten can still contract the disease

Question 31

what are "non-responders"?

Answer 31

Animals thare are genetically incapable of developing a immune response

Question 32

What are vaccine adverse effects?

Answer 32

any undesirable side effect or unintended effect (including lack of desired result -failure to protect against a disease-) associated with the administration of a licensed biologic product (vaccine)

Question 33

# vaccine adverse events (AEs) what are side effects?

Answer 33

reduced or loss appetite, pain at the injection site, lethargy, reluctance to walk and/or run, mild fever

Question 34

# Vaccine adverse events What are example of injection site reactions?

Answer 34

abscess, hair loss, swelling, granuloma, seroma, pain, ischemic vasculitis

Question 35

# vaccine adverse events what are examples of transient postvaccinal nonspecific illness?

Answer 35

regional lymphadenomegaly, encephalitis, hair loss or color change at the injection site

Question 36

# vaccine adverse events what are type 1 allergic and immune-mediated reactions? | acute anaphylaxis

Answer 36

angioedema (swelling in the head), anaphylazis (shock) and death

Question 37

# vaccine adverse events what are type 2 allergic and immune-mediated reactions? | cytolytic

Answer 37

immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia

Question 38

# vaccine adverse events what are type 3 allergic and immune-mediated reactions? | immune complex

Answer 38

cutaneous ischemic vasculopathy & rabies vaccine, corneal edema (“blue-eye”) & CAV-1 vaccine, immune-mediated disease

Question 39

# vacciner adverse event what are exmaples of failure to immunize?

Answer 39

* maternal antibody interference * volume/and or dose less than prescribed * non responder * inactivation of vaccine antigen * mixing of incompatible vaccines in the same syringe

Question 40

What other examples of vaccine adverse events?

Answer 40

* vaccine-induced immunosuppression * incorrect/inappropraite administration of vaccine * residual virulance attenuated vaccine * vaccine-induced interference with diagnotic tests * reversion of vaccine virus to a virulent pathogen

Question 41

# vaccine adverse events what is vaccine-associated sarcoma called?

Answer 41

tumorigenesis | cats

Question 42

what are examples of attentuated vaccines?

Answer 42

* most canine distemper virus vaccine * all canine parvovirus * adenovirus-2 vaccines

Question 43

what are examples of recombinant vaccines?

Answer 43

canine distemper vaccine (canarypox-vector)

Question 44

what are examples of toxoid vaccines?

Answer 44

crotalus atrox toxoid (western diamond rattlesnake) vaccine

Question 45

What is the feline injection-site sarcoma (FISS)?

Answer 45

* vaccine-associated sarcoma * developed from inactivated rabies or FeLV vaccines and aluminan-based adjuvants

Question 46

What is the most important zoonosis? | dogs and cats

Answer 46

Rabies

Question 47

# cats what are vaccines for shelter animals?

Answer 47

feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, panleukopenia,

Question 48

# cats what are vaccines for trap-neuterued return programs?

Answer 48

FPV, FHV-1, FCV, rabies