Comparative urinary + reproductive system Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
How many mls/kg of urine does the Horse secrete per day?
A
20 ml/kg p/day
2
Q
How does the kidney in the horse differ from the dog?
A
The left + right kidneys are different shapes
3
Q
What type of breeders are mares?
A
Long-day breeders
4
Q
What does long-day breeders mean?
A
The animal’s reproductive cycle is influenced by the daylight hours within the day, detected by the hypothalamus, triggering the release of hormones
5
Q
When do horses have their breeding season?
A
Spring > Summer
6
Q
What term is used to drescribe mares having many periods of oestrus or sexual receptivity to the stallion?
A
Seasonlly poly-oestrus
7
Q
What term is used to describe mares who ovulate without the stimulation of mating, approximately at the same time a her cycle?
A
Spontaneous ovulators
8
Q
How long does the oestrous cycle last for in mares?
A
17 - 21 days
Some have been known to have as long as 35 days
9
Q
What is meant when a mare is described as being ‘Uniparous’?
A
They naturally only give birth to 1 foal at a time
10
Q
How many mammary glands do horses have?
A
2
11
Q
Name the location + position of the mare’s mammary glands
A
- 2 mammary glands (or udders)
- Small in size
- Lie on ventral surface of caudal abdomen
- Cranial part of the pelvix
12
Q
True or False.
The mare’s ovaries are largely inactive until the mare reaches sexual maturity at around 1-2 years of age.
A
True!
13
Q
Does the male horse have a os penis?
A
No
14
Q
When does the male horse’s testicles descend into the scrotum?
A
2 weeks old
15
Q
What is the function of the accessory gland in the horse?
A
Production of seminal fluid
16
Q
Name the 3 glands within the male horse’s reproductive tract
A
- Prostate gland
- Vesicular gland (Seminal vesicles)
- Bulbourethral gland
17
Q
Despite the lower success rates with Artifical Inseminatation in Horses, what is the benefit of using it?
A
It is the best way to get around putting the stallion with an unfamiliar mare
18
Q
Why are mares restrained during supervised mating?
A
To prevent injurry to the hoses involved + the handlers
19
Q
In the wild, once mating has finished, why does the mare step forward?
A
So the stallion can rest on the mares back, so he doesn’t need to restarin himself, by lifting his bodyweight up + back
20
Q
What are the shape of the Bull’s testes?
A
Oval shaped
21
Q
What are the shape of the Ram’s testes?
A
Egg shaped
22
Q
What are the shape of the Stallion’s testes?
A
Oval shaped
23
Q
What are the shape of the Boar’s testes?
A
Oval shaped
24
Q
What are the shape of the Cow’s ovaries?
A
Oval shaped
25
What are the shape of the Ewe's ovaries?
Almond shaped
26
What are the shape of the Mare's ovaries?
Kidney-bean shaped
27
What are the shape of the Sow's ovaries?
Irregular + lobulated
28
What are the shape of the Bull's glans penis?
Helmet shaped
+
Extended urethral process
29
What are the shape of the Ram's glans penis?
Helmet shaped
+
Extended urethral process
30
What are the shape of the Stallion's glans penis?
Mushroom shaped
31
What are the shape of the Boar's glans penis?
Twisted/spiral shaped
32
How many days long is the Cow's reproductive cycle?
21 days
33
How many days long is the Ewe's reproductive cycle?
17 days
34
How many days long is the Mare's reproductive cycle?
21 days
35
How many days long is the Sow's reproductive cycle?
21 days
36
# (hrs)
How long is the Cow in Oestrus for?
18 hrs
(Standing heat)
37
# (days)
How long is the Ewe in Oestrus for?
1 - 2 days
38
# (days)
How long is the Mare in Oestrus for?
3 - 6 days
39
# (days)
How long is the Sow in Oestrus for?
2 days
40
What type of ovulator is the Cow?
Polyoestrus
41
What type of ovulator is the Ewe?
Seasonally Polyoestrus
(Depends on the breed)
42
What type of ovulator is the Mare?
Seasonally Polyoestrus
43
What type of ovulator is the Sow?
Polyoestrus
44
At what age does the Cow sexually mature?
1 - 2 years old
45
At what age does the Ewe sexually mature?
8 months old
46
At what age does the Mare sexually mature?
18 months old
47
At what age does the Sow sexually mature?
7 months old
48
How many days long is the gestation period in the Cow?
282 days
49
How many days long is the gestation period in the Ewe?
150 days
50
How many days long is the gestation period in the Mare?
336 days
51
How many days long is the gestation period in the Sow?
114 days
52
What shape is the ovary in the Cow?
Oval shaped
53
What shape is the ovary in the Ewe?
Almond shaped
54
What shape is the ovary in the Mare?
Kidney-bean shaped
55
What shape is the ovary in the Sow?
Lobulated
56
Name the 4 stages of the Oestrus cycle
| (in order)
1. Pro-Oestrus
2. Oestrus
3. Met-Oestrus
4. Di-Oestrus (Or An-Oestrus)
57
Simplify the Pro-Oestrus stage
* The 'building-up' phase
* Ovarian follicle develops
* Oestrogen is secreted
58
Simplify the Oestrus stage
* Period of sexual receptivity
* Females stand for mating
59
Simplify the Met-Oestrus stage
* Begins once sexual receptivity ends
* Corpus luteum forms
* Oestrogen levels fall (Swelling reduces)
* Corpus leuteum release progesterone
60
Simplify the Di-Oestrus stage
* Only occurs in Polyoestrus animals (Cows + Pigs)
* A short period of inactivity inbetween Met-Oestrus + Pro-Oestrus
61
Simplify the Ano-Oestrus stage
* Ocurrs in animals with long Oestrus cycles
* No sexual activity
* No hormone acitivty
62
Which of the following animals are **short** day breeders?
A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pig
B. Sheep
63
Which of the following animals are **long** day breeders?
A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Horse
D. Pig
C. Horses
64
At what age is the Cow used for her 1st service?
1 - 2 years old
65
At what age is the Ewe used for her 1st service?
1 - 1.5 years old
66
At what age is the Mare used for her 1st service?
2 - 3 years old
67
At what age is the Sow used for her 1st service?
8 - 10 months old
68
How many hours after Oestrus does ovulation in the Cow?
10 - 14 hours after
69
When should AI take place, after Oestrus, in the Cow?
12 hours after
70
How many hours does bovine sperm need to be in the uterus for?
6 hours
71
How many hours does Oestrus last for in the Cow?
30 hours
72
How many ova are shed in the Sow?
10 - 25
73
What does hormone is counteracted by LH?
Folicle Stimulation Hormone
(FSH)
74
What type of hormones are FSH + LH?
Gonadotrophins
75
Where is FSH + LH secreted from?
The Pitutary gland
76
What stage of the cycle occurs in 0 - 6 days in the Mare?
Oestrus
77
What stage of the cycle occurs in day 5 of the Mare?
Ovulation
78
What stage of the cycle occurs in day 7 in the Mare?
Di-Oestrus
79
What stage of the cycle occurs in day 20 in the Mare?
The new period of Oestrus
80
Name the 2 dominant hormones during days 0 - 6 in the Oestrus cycle of the Mare?
FSH
+
OES
81
Name the dominant hormone on day 5 of the Oestrus cycle of the Mare?
LH
| (Ovulation)
82
Name the 2 dominant hormones on day 7 of the Oestrus cycle of the Mare?
PROG
+
FSH @ day 13
83
Name the 2 dominant hormones on day 20 in the Oestrus cycle of the Mare?
FSH
+
PROST
84
What external signs are shown in the Mare, during days 0 - 6 of the Oestrus cycle?
* Tail up
* Winking vulva
* Relaxed cervix
85
What external signs are shown in the Mare, on day 5 of the Oestrus cycle?
* Tail up
* Winking vulva
* Splayed hind legs
* Urinating
* Open cervix
86
What external signs are shown in the Mare, on day 7 of the Oestrus cycle?
* Ears back
* Kicking
* Closed cervix
87
What external signs are shown in the Mare, on day 20 of the Oestrus cycle?
Renewed interest in the Stallion
88
What does Oestrogen do?
* Prepares the reproductive tract for pregnancy
* Thickens the endometrium + external genitalia
* Cause behavioural changes
89
How long does lactational anoestrus go on for in the Sow?
Until the piglets are weaned
90
True or False.
Sow's are non-spontanous ovulators.
False, they are spontaneous ovulators
91
What seasons do the long-day breeders, Mares go into Oestrus?
Spring + Summer, as the daylight hours are longer
92
What seasons do the long-day breeders, Ewes go into Oestrus?
Winter months, as the daylight hours are shorter
93
What does Polyoestrus mean?
* The animal continously go into Oestrus (or has oestrus cycles) throughout the year
* More than 1 reproductive cycle in 1 mating season
94
What does Seasonally Polyoestrus mean?
* The animal only goes into Oestrus (or has oestrus cycles) throughout certain months of the year, depending on daylight hours
* 1 reproductive cycle in 1 mating season
95
What does Polytocous mean?
An animal that produces more than 1 offspring per 'litter'
96
Does the bull have a urethral process?
No
97
Does the stallion have a sigmoid flexure?
No
98
What type of penis does the bull have?
Fibroelastic penis
99
What type of penis does the stallion have?
Musculocavernous penis
100
Does the bull have a sigmoid flexure?
Yes
101
What shape is the sigmoid flexure in the bull?
Straightened, increasing it's length
102
How many layers does the stallion's prepuce have in the stallion?
2 (Double)
103
What does the double layered prepuce in the stallion do?
Surrounds + protects the penis when it's retracted
104
What is the benefit of the stallion having a muscocavernous penis?
* Allows large blood flow to the penis
* Engorges the penis in all dimensions for easier penertration + more successful delivery of semen
105
What substance can be found near the external structure of the stallion's reproductive tract?
Smegma
106
What is the function of the sebum-secretion in stallions, smega?
Lubricates + protects the glans penis
107
What does the stallion's penis do when it penetrates the mare?
The penis flares + seals the penis to the cervix, to facilitate the succesfull delivery of sperm
108
How is the penis held, structurally, in the stallion?
Close to abdominal wall
109
What type of groove does the bull's glans penis have?
Twisted groove, upon the external opening of the glans penis
110
What type of helmet does the bull's glans penis have?
Helmet-shaped
111
Does the bull have a urethral process?
No
112
Is the long axis vertical or horizontal in the stallion?
Horizontal
113
Is the long axis vertical or horizontal in the bull?
Vertical
114
What structure are the testes held near?
The S-shaped sigmoid flexure
115
At what age does the stallion's testes descend through the inguinal canal?
3 weeks before they are born
116
True or False.
The left testicle is longer than the right testicle in the stallion.
True!
117
What 3 areas make up the structure of the penis?
1. Glans
2. Body
3. Crura
118
What is the glans of the penis?
Outer/free-portion
119
What is the body of the penis?
Main portion
120
What is the crura of the penis?
The root
121
How many columns of erectile tissue make up the penis?
2
122
Give the name for the 2 columns of erectile tissue in the penis
The Corpora Cavernosa
123
What fibroelastic capsule surrounds the penis?
Tunica Albuginea
124
What muscle retracts the penis?
Retractor muscle
125
What 2 things does the associated nerves + blood vessels in the penis help facilitate?
1. Transport urine from the urinary tract
2. Deliver sperm to the female, during mating, to ensure fertilisation
126
What structure does the glans, body + crura attach to?
The Ischial arch
127
Name the 10 structure of the basic male reproductive system
1. Prostate
1. Ampulla
1. Vas deferens
1. Epididymis
1. Penis
1. Bulbo=-urethral gland
1. Seminal vesicle
1. Urethra
1. Scortum
1. Testes
128
Name the 14 structures of the basic female reproductive system
1. Uterus
2. Uterine horns
3. Uterine tubules
4. Fallopian tubes
5. Ovaries
6. Broad ligament
7. Cervix
8.Clitoris
9.Vulva
10.External urethral orifice
11.Hymen
12.Fornix
13.Vagina
14.Vestibule
129
What is the function of the fallopian tubes?
* Transport ova from ovaries
* Transport ovaries > uterine horns, via infundibulum
* Facilitate space for ova fertilisation
130
What is the function of the ovaries?
* Produe hormones
* Release hormones + ova into the bloodstream
* Ova is released by ovulation, into the fallopian tubes
131
What is the function of the vagina?
* Recieves the penis during mating
* Facilitates in the epulsion of the foetus
* I.e. Birth canal
132
What is the function of the cervix?
Acts as the last barrier of protection to the uterus against infection
133
What 2 periods does the cervix open?
During Oestrus + Partrition
