Compartive digestive system

Question 1

What is the pharyngeal diverticulum in Pigs?

And what system is it apart of?

Answer 1

It is a median pharyngeal pouch, dorsal to the beginning of the oesophagus, that forms where the **lower part **of the throat + upper part of the oesophagus meet.
+
The septum contains muscle, fat + fiborous tissues
+
It is apart of the digestive system.

Question 2

What life stage is the pharyngeal diverticulum most common in pigs?

Answer 2

Adult or older

Question 3

Name 2 other names for the pharyngeal diverticulum.

Answer 3

1. Zenker’s diverticulum
2. Pharyngealoesophageal diverticulum

Question 4

When is it easiest to see the pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs?

Answer 4

During intubation

Question 5

How big is the
adult pig’s pharyngeal diverticulum in cm?

Answer 5

3-4 cm

Question 6

How big is the
piglet’s pharyngeal diverticulum in cm?

Answer 6

1 cm

Question 7

Where is the pharyngeal diverticulum located in the Pig?

Answer 7

Posteriorly, protruding the wall of the pharynx, above the oesophagus + apparent as a ‘sac-like’ structure

Question 8

What problem can occur if food gets stuck in the pharyngeal diverticulum of pigs?

Answer 8

It can become impacted + lead to an abcess

Question 9

What are the 2 types of pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs?

Answer 9

1. Pulsion
2. Traction

Question 10

What is the function of the pharyngeal diverticulum in pigs?

Answer 10

No one knows!

Question 11

Which statement is correct?

A. The Cow, Horse + Sheep have a caecum
B. The Horse, Pig + Cow have a caecum

Answer 11

A. The Cow, Horse + Sheep have a caecum

Question 12

(You can name more than 1)

Which species have simple or monogastric stomach?

A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Pig
D. Horse

Answer 12

C. Pig + D. Horse

Question 13

Which species have are monogastric + have a caecum?

A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Pig
D. Horse

Answer 13

D. Horse!

Question 14

(You can name more than 1)

Which species can digest fibre?

A. Cow
B. Sheep
C. Pig
D. Horse

Answer 14

B. Sheep + D. Horse

Question 15

How do cows chew their herbivorous diet?

Answer 15

From chewing from side to side (vertically)

Question 16

How many hours do cows graze for?

Answer 16

8 - 10 hrs

Question 17

How many hours do cows ruminate for?

Answer 17

8 - 10 hrs

Question 18

What are the 4 distinct areas of the digestive system in the cow?

A. Cardia, Fundus, Body + Pyloric region
B. Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum + Abomasum

Answer 18

B. Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum + Abomasum

Question 20

What percentage of their day to horses eat for?

A. 60 - 90%
B. 30 - 45%
C. 50 - 70%
D. 45 - 60%

Answer 20

C. 50 - 70 %

Question 21

What is the term used to describe the type of grazers horses are?

Answer 21

Selective grazers

Question 22

What percentage of the horses foraging diet is bark in the wild?

Answer 22

10%

Question 23

Horses are described as being hindgut fermenters. What does this mean?

Answer 23

• They have a caecum + colon
• They provide a large chamber for bacterial fermentation of their herbivorous diet
• For complex carbohydrate, cellulose

Question 24

What 2 types of microorganisms are used to ferment the horses’s complex carbohydrate diet?

Answer 24

1. Bacteria
2. Protoza

Question 25

Why is it important that no sudden changes are made to the horse's herbivorous diet?

Answer 25

Because the bacteria + protoza in their gut are highly senstitive to dietary changes

Question 26

Does the horse have a gall bladder? + Why?

Answer 26

No + Because the horse constantly grazing + food digested, bile usage would be constant + therefore storing + releasing large amounts of bile is unnecessary. + The liver constantly secretes bile to assist with fat digestion, so no need to storage ## Footnote Humans require a gall bladder to store excess bile because bile is an emulsifiying agent, produced by the liver start fat digestion

Question 27

What structure prevents the return of digested matter from the stomach back to the oesophagus, in horses?

Answer 27

The cardiac sphincter

Question 28

Which of the following animals has a caecum? A. Cow B. Sheep C. Horse D. Pig

Answer 28

All of them

Question 29

Which of the following animals has a rumen? A. Cow B. Sheep C. Horse D. Pig

Answer 29

C. Horse + D. Pig

Question 30

Which of the following animals has a monogastric stomach? A. Cow B. Sheep C. Horse D. Pig

Answer 30

C. Horse + D. Pig

Question 31

Which of the following animals has a ruminant stomach? A. Cow B. Sheep C. Horse D. Pig

Answer 31

A. Cow + B. Sheep

Question 32

Name the 4 compartments of the rumen

Answer 32

1. Reticulum 2. Rumen 3. Omasum Abomasum

Question 33

Name the 4 compartments of the non-ruminant stomach

Answer 33

1. Cardia 2. Fundus 3. Body 4. Pylorus

Question 34

Give the simple defintion of digestion

Answer 34

To breakdown food into the smaller units so that it can be absorbed

Question 35

Name the 2 types of digestion in large animals

Answer 35

1. Ruminant 2. Non-ruminant

Question 36

Give 2 other names of the non-ruminant digestive system

Answer 36

1. Simple 2. Monogastric

Question 37

What 2 large animals are non-ruminant?

Answer 37

1. Horse 2. Pig

Question 38

What 2 large animals are ruminant?

Answer 38

* Cow * Sheep

Question 39

How is food primarly digested in non-ruminants?

Answer 39

Chemical enzymes

Question 40

How is food primarly digested in ruminants?

Answer 40

By: * Micro-organisms * Enzymes

Question 41

What 3 types of food can ruminants digest, in comparison to non-ruminants?

Answer 41

1. Grass 2. Silage 3. Concentrates

Question 42

How do cattle retain their food using their teeth?

Answer 42

They tear off their food using their tongue + incisor teeth

Question 43

How do sheep retain their food using their teeth?

Answer 43

* Tear off their food * Graze close to the ground

Question 44

What is food called as it passes through the oesophaghus?

Answer 44

Food bolous

Question 45

What 3 things does saliva do to the food bolous?

Answer 45

1. Moistens it for smoother transition 2. Lubricates it for smoother transition 3. Buffers the pH

Question 46

What type of tube is the oesophagus?

Answer 46

Muscular, becoming engorged during peritstalsis

Question 47

What is the 1st stomach called, in the ruminant?

Answer 47

The Rumen

Question 48

What is the rumen?

Answer 48

* It's a large sac * Has rough internal surfaces * Placed on left-hand side of the body * Contains liquids * Churns the contents, to saturate the food * Contains millions of micro-organisms that attack the food

Question 49

When does fermentation occur in the rumen?

Answer 49

When it is 2/3rds full, known as 'chewing the cud'

Question 50

What 3 things does the rumen do?

Answer 50

1. Convert carbohydrates + fibre into fatty acids 2. Convert protein + nitrogen containing substances into microbial protein 3. Produce ammonia + other gasses such as CO2 + methane

Question 51

What percentage of the total stomach does the rumen take up, in ruminants?

Answer 51

80%

Question 52

What is the name of the 2nd stomach, iin ruminants?

Answer 52

The Recticulum

Question 53

What is the recticulum, in ruminants?

Answer 53

* Small sac * Has a coarse internal suface * Filters back coarse food * Catches foreign bodies

Question 54

Name 3 types of foreign bodies that the recticulum can commonly catch, in ruminants?

Answer 54

1. Nails 2. Stones 3. Wire

Question 55

What is the 3rd stomach called in ruminants?

Answer 55

The Omasum

Question 56

What does the Omasum do?

Answer 56

* Small, circulr sac * Grinds the food down into a fine paste

Question 57

What is the 4th stomach called in ruminants?

Answer 57

The Abomasum

Question 58

What is another name for the Abomasum?

Answer 58

The 'True stomach'

Question 59

What does the Abomasum do?

Answer 59

* Very smooth surface * Secretes acidic digestive juices * Breaks down protein * Absorbtion takes place here, through the walls

Question 60

Name the 3 parts of the small intestine

Answer 60

1. Duodenum 1. Jejenum 1. Ileum

Question 61

Name 2 characteristics of the small intesine

Answer 61

1. Long length tube 2. Very small diameter

Question 62

What occurs in the small intestine?

Answer 62

* Digestive juices are produced to help break down fats * Protein + carbohydrate digesstion continues

Question 63

Name the 3 parts of the large intestine

Answer 63

1. Caecum 2. Colon 3. Rectum

Question 64

Name 2 characteristics of the large intestine

Answer 64

1. Short length tube 2. Larger diameter than the SI

Question 65

What 3 things occur in the large intestine?

Answer 65

1. Water absorption 2. Digestion slows down 3. Waste materials held in the rectum, until they are voided

Question 66

What large animal has a less developed digestive system than the others? + What does this mean for them?

Answer 66

The pig + They less adapted to digest large amounts of fibrous foods

Question 67

What does salivia facilitate in monogstrics?

Answer 67

Enzymes to aid wiith food-breakdown

Question 68

What does salivia facilitate in monogstrics?

Answer 68

Enzymes to aid wiith food-breakdown

Question 69

What type of acid is found in the monogastric species?

Answer 69

Hydrochloric acid

Question 70

Where does the food digested by enzymes + hydrochloric acid?

Answer 70

In the 'true' stomach or Abomasum

Question 71

What is it called when an animal takes in food through its oral cavity, using the teeth, lips + tongue?

Answer 71

Prehension

Question 72

What is the name given to swallowing?

Answer 72

Deglutition

Question 73

What are the 4 components of the saliva?

Answer 73

1. Water 2. Electrolytes 3. Mucous 4. Enzymes

Question 74

What 2 enzymes are present in saliva? + What are their functions?

Answer 74

1. Lysozyme = antibacterial action 2. Amylase = digests starch

Question 75

True or False. Amylase is not present within ruminants + carnivores

Answer 75

True!

Question 76

What species has amylase present in their saliva? A. Cow B. Sheep C. Horse D. Pigs + What other species plays an exemption, where it is partialy present?

Answer 76

D. Pigs + C. Horse - the horse has a minor amount of amylase present in their saliva

Question 77

How many litres of saliva can a adult cow produce, per day?

Answer 77

Up to 200 L

Question 78

Why is large amounts of saliva important in cows?

Answer 78

Because it helps to maintain the fluid content of the rumen

Question 79

What does large amounts of saliva help prevent in cows?

Answer 79

Prevent the ruminal contents from frothing

Question 80

What two bases help maintain the high pH of saliva in ruminants?

Answer 80

1. Bicarbonate 2. Phosphate

Question 81

What helps neutralise the acids produced by the fermentation of food in the rumen?

Answer 81

Acid