Compendium 10 - Why are hormones important

Question 1

what are the 3 types (duration) of hormone secretion

Answer 1

acute - sudden
chronic - long term
episodic - cyclical (eg. menstruation)

Question 2

what are two key factors that differentiate the endocrine system and nervous system

Answer 2

mode of transport
and speed + duration of response

Question 3

Name the two sections of the pituitary gland, what types of tissue are each of them and why

Answer 3

Posterior - Nervous tissue (it is a downward growth of nervous tissue)

Anterior - Glandular tissue (it develops from the embryonic oral cavity)

Question 4

what are the other names for anterior and posterior pituitary

Answer 4

posterior - Neurohypophysis
anterior - Adenohypophysis

Question 5

what are the two pathways that connect the pituitary to the hypothalamus

Answer 5

hypothalamohypophysial tract (Posterior P.)
hypothalamohypophysial portal system (Anterior P.)

Question 6

what triggers the release of hormones from each lobe of the pituitary

Answer 6

Posterior P. - action potential in neurosecretory axons
Anterior P. - releasing and inhibiting factors

Question 7

Define tropic and non tropic hormones

Answer 7

tropic - stimulate the secretion of a secondary hormone from the target tissue
non tropic - initiates an effect on target tissue

Question 8

what hormones come from the posterior pituitary and what do they do

Answer 8

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - increases Na+ reabsorption to increase water absorption in nephron

Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions and let down of milk

Question 9

What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary (7)

Answer 9

• Growth hormone
• Thyroid stimulating hormone
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Melanocyte stimulating hormone
• Luteinizing hormone
• Follicle stimulating hormone
• prolactin

Question 10

what is the role of growth hormone (5)

Answer 10

• stimulate Amino Acid uptake
• stimulates breakdown of fats
• promotes bone and cartilage growth
• regulates blood levels of nutrients after a meal
• stimulates IGF-1 production (by liver and skeletal muscles)

Question 11

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do and what is the end result

Answer 11

it stimulates the thyroid to secrete T3 and T4, which increase metabolism, increase body temp and increase normal growth and development

Question 12

What is the role of adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 12

It causes the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, aldosterone and Androgen

Question 13

what does cortisol cause (3)

Answer 13

• increase of lipid and protein breakdown
• increase blood glucose levels
• anti-inflammatory

Question 14

what is the role of melanocyte stimulating hormone

Answer 14

stimulates melanocytes in the skin to stimulate melanin production, appetite, and secual behaviours

Question 15

What is the role of prolactin and how is it controlled

Answer 15

Breast milk PRODUCTION (let down is oxytocin)
it is controlled by positive feedback loop (supply and demand)

Question 16

What is the role of prolactin and how is it controlled

Answer 16

Breast milk PRODUCTION (let down is oxytocin)
it is controlled by positive feedback loop (supply and demand)

Question 17

What is the full effect of Gonadotropin releasing hormone being secreted

Answer 17

• it is secreted from the hypothalamus to stimulate the anterior pituitary
• Anterior pituitary produces and releases LH and FSH
• these regulate the production of gametes and reproductive hormones
• Testes = release testosterone (responsible for spermatogenesis and secondary sex characteristics)
• ovaries = release estrogen + progesterone (responsible for sex organ development/characteristic, menstrual cycle, pregnancy)

Question 18

What is secreted by the Adrenal Medulla and how is it stimulated

Answer 18

the stimulus is physical activity and low blood glucose, it is stimulated by action potentials (nervous control)
it secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 19

What is secreted by the Adrenal Medulla and how is it stimulated

Answer 19

the stimulus is physical activity and low blood glucose, it is stimulated by action potentials (nervous control)
it secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 20

What is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 20

• increase heart rate and force of contractions
• constricts blood vessels in skin, kidneys, GI tract
• other sympathetic actions

Question 21

what is the effect of oxytocin

Answer 21

• breast milk release (let down)
• uterine contractions
• non-tropic

Question 22

what is the effect of ADH

Answer 22

• reduce urine formation
• keeps more water in the body
• increases blood volume and pressure