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HSF > Compendium 2 - How do cells do what they do? > Flashcards

Compendium 2 - How do cells do what they do? Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 general functions of a cell

A
  1. Cell Metabolism + energy use
  2. Synthesis of molecules
  3. Communication
  4. Reproduction
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2
Q

What is the Structure (3) and Function (4) of the Plasma Membrane

A

Structure: a fluid mosaic model containing:
- phospholipid bilayer
- carbohydrates
- proteins

Function:
- enclose and support cellular content
- controls what moves in and out
- communicate with other cells ( with receptors )
- produces a membrane potential

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3
Q

what is the glycocalyx, and what is its structure and function?

A

it is the outer surface of a cell’s membrane
Structure:
it contains glycoproteins, glycolipids and carbohydrates
Function: prevents the entry of pathogens, strengthens the cell, adherence to other cells, signal reception between the cell and its environment

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4
Q

what are the 2 main parts of cytosol (in cytoplasm) and what are their roles.

A
  1. Cytoplasmic Inclusions:
    aggregates of chemicals, either made in the cell (eg. melanin) or transported into the cell (eg. glycogen)
  2. Cytoskeleton:
    made of; microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, that support the cell and it’s organelles. (and are responsible for shape change of the cell
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5
Q

What is the structure and function of the Nucleus

A

Structure:
- nucleolus
- nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores
- nucleoplasm
Function
- contains DNA ( which is stored as chromatin )
- nucleolus primarily makes ribosomes

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of Ribosomes

A

Structure:
- made of 2 subunits (1 large and 1 small)
- free floating or attached to ER
Function:
- site of protein synthesis (from Amino Acids)

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7
Q

What is the structure and function of the Rough ER

A

Structure:
continuous, fattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules
Function:
synthesis (ribosomes) and modification of proteins

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8
Q

What is the structure and function (3) of the Smooth ER

A

Structure:
continuous, fattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules
Function:
- lipid/ steroid/ carbohydrate synthesis
- detoxification of harmful substances eg. drugs
- break down glycogen into glucose

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9
Q

What is the structure and function of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Structure:
a stack of flattened cisternae and associated vesicles

Function:
- take proteins and lipids made by the ER and package, modify and distribute (either secretion or internal use)

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10
Q

What is the function of a lysosome

A

To fuse with vesicles containing unwanted molecules, so the enzyme within the lysosome can digest the waste product.

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11
Q

What is the structure (6) and function of the mitochondria

A

Structure:
- outer membrane
- inter-membrane
- inner membrane (folded)
- matrix (space between folds)
- ribosomes on inner folds
- DNA (in matrix)

Function:
-site of ATP synthesis

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12
Q

What is the structure (4) and function (2) of the Centrioles

A

Structure:
- barrel shaped
- perpendicular to each other
- composed of microtubules
- found in the centrosome of the cell

Function:
- use in cell division
- produce mitotic spindles

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13
Q

What is the structure and function of the Cilia and where in the body are they found

A

Structure:
- a motile extensions of the cell membrane

Function:
- move substances across the surface of the cell
eg. Found in the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes

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14
Q

What is the structure and function of the Flagella and where it is found in humans

A

Structure: a single long motile projection from the cell

Function: to move the cell

Found ONLY on male sperm cells

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15
Q

What is the structure and function of the Microvilli

A

Structure:
- small non-motile extension of the cell membrane

Function:
- increase surface area of the cell for absorption

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16
Q

What are the 5 steps preparing a tissue sample to view under a microscope.

A
  1. removal of tissue - biopsy or autopsy
  2. Fixation of the tissue - to preserve from decay (eg. freezing)
  3. Embedding the tissue - into a hard structure (eg. wax or something frozen)
  4. Slicing and mounting
  5. Staining and viewing - haematoxylin and Eosin
17
Q

What two things must you consider when viewing a histological sample

A
  • the plane the tissue has been cut in
  • the magnification of the image
18
Q

What are the 4 Primary Tissues

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
19
Q

What are the 3 surfaces in Epithelial tissue

A
  • free surface
  • lateral surface ( cells joined together)
  • Basal surface / basement membrane / Basal lamina
20
Q

What is the composition and role of the basal surface

A

it is composed of proteins made by epithelial cells
it attaches epithelial tissue to connective tissue

21
Q

Does Epithelial tissue have a blood supply? What is the word to describe this?

A

NO it is AVASCULAR, substances must diffuse through basal surface

22
Q

Does Epithelial tissue have a nerve supply? What is the word for this?

A

Yes, it is innervated

23
Q

What are the names describing the arrangement of cells in Epithelial tissue

A

1 layer = simple
2 layers = stratified
1 non uniform layer that looks like multiple layers = pseudostratified

24
Q

What are the names describing the shape of Epithelial tissue

A

squamous - oval shaped cell with a central, oval shaped nucleus

cuboidal - square shaped cell with a central, circular nucleus

columnar - vertically rectangle shape with an vertically oval nucleus that lies towards the bottom the the cell

  • transitional - changes shape depending on volume of liquid
25
Q

What are the characteristics of Simple Squamous Epithelial tissue and where is it found

A
  • rapid diffusion, filtration, some secretion

Found in:
- alveoli, kidney glomeruli, serous membrane of pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

26
Q

What are the characteristics of Simple Cuboidal Epithelial tissue and where is it found

A
  • absorption, secretion, movement

Found in:
Kidney tubules, terminal bronchioles

27
Q

Which epithelial cells have cilia

A
  • simple cuboidal
  • simple columnar
    -pseudostratified
28
Q

Which epithelial cells have microvilli

A

simple cuboidal

29
Q

What are the characteristics of Simple Columnar Epithelial tissue and where is it found

A
  • absorption, secretion, movement

Found in:
intestines, stomach, gallbladder, uterine tubes, collecting ducts in kidneys

30
Q

What are the characteristics of Transitional Epithelial tissue and where is it found

A

accommodate change in volume of liquid

Found in: Urinary bladder, ureter and upper urethra

31
Q

What are the characteristics of Stratified Squamous Epithelial tissue and where is it found

A

protect against abrasion in areas prone to damage

Keratinized - sole of feet, palms of hands, skin
Non-Keratinized - mouth, oesophagus, anus, vagina

32
Q

what are the 2 types of stratified squamous cells and what does it mean

A

Keratinized - contain Keratin ( waterproofing substance made of proteins and lipids that is left behind when these cells die)
Non-keratinized - does not contain keratin

33
Q

What are the characteristics of Stratified cuboidal Epithelial tissue and where is it found

A
  • absorption, secretion (VERY), protection

Found in ducts of sweat glands, ducts of salivary glands and developing ovum

34
Q

What are the characteristics of Stratified Columnar Epithelial tissue and where is it found

A
  • secretion and protection

Found in ducts of mammary glands, larynx and parts of male urethra

35
Q

What are the characteristics of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial tissue and where is it found

A

secretion and movement

Found in pharynx, trachea, male sperm carrying ducts

36
Q

What is the composition of connective tissue

A
  1. cells
  2. Ground substance
  3. Fibres
    (2. and 3. are in the Extracellular matrix)
    (1. Produces the extracellular matrix)
37
Q

What are the 5 cells of connective tissue

A
  1. Adipose cells / adipocytes
  2. Fibroblasts
  3. Mast cells
  4. Leucocytes (WBCs)
  5. Macrophages

HSF (12 decks)

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