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HSF > Compendium 12 - How do cells grow, specialise and die (mitosis and meiosis) > Flashcards

Compendium 12 - How do cells grow, specialise and die (mitosis and meiosis) Flashcards

1
Q

what atoms does DNA contain

A

C, H, O, N, P

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2
Q

define nucleotide and nucleoside

A

nucleoside = pentose sugar + nitrogenous base

nucleotide = nucleoside + phosphate

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3
Q

where is DNA found and what proportion is coding and non coding

A
  • found in nucleus and mitochondria
  • 98.5% is non-coding
  • 1.5% is coding
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4
Q

what makes up the non coding section of DNA

A

regulatory sequences, introns, repeat elements

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5
Q

what is the structure of DNA and why first described it

A
  • watson and crick in 1953

it is a double helix twisted around histones

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6
Q

what is a karyotype and what would we typically see when looking at one

A

it is a map of all the chromosomes in a dividing cell

we would see
- 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
- 22 pairs are autosomal and 1 pair is sex

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7
Q

what is the structure of RNA and where is it found

A
  • single stranded, self complementary sequences cause folds
  • it is found in the nucleus and cytoplasm
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8
Q

what are the 3 main types of RNA and what do they do

A

messenger RNA - leaves nucleus and contains coding sequence for proteins
transfer RNA - has complementary anticodons and carries a specific amino acid
ribosomal RNA - structure for ribosome

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9
Q

what is a gene and allele

A

a gene is a small segment of DNA that codes for a protein, an allele is the variation of a gene

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10
Q

what are the 3 types of Amino acids and how many do we have of each

A

9 essential - must be consumed
5 non-essential - made in the body
6 conditional - not essential but needed in times of illness or stress

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11
Q

what are the 6 main functions proteins in the body

A
  • regulation - enzymes, protein based hormones
  • transport - haemoglobin, plasma proteins, cell membrane proteins
  • protection - antibodies
  • contraction in muscles - actin and myosin
  • structure - collagen and keratin
  • energy - can be broken down for energy
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12
Q

what are proteins rarely used for energy

A

because they are needed for so many things in the body, it is a last resort (when no carbs available)

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of proteins and what are characteristics of each

A
  1. FIbrous (more structural)
    - arranged in parallel along an axis
    - usually insoluble in water and stable
    - provide mechanical support + tensile strength
    - less sensitive to change in temp, pH, etc.
    - makes up a lot of the intercellular matrix
  2. Globular (more functional)
    - folded into compact ball shape
    - crucial role in almost all biological processes
    - usually water soluble
    - mobile and chemically active
    sensitive to chance in temp, pH, etc.
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14
Q

define proteome of a cell, why does it differ between cells

A

all the proteins that make up a cell, different gene expression in cells causes different proteins to be made

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15
Q

what is the name of the process for DNA > RNA > proteins

A

Central dogma

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16
Q

what are the names for the 2 stands that make up DNA

A
  • coding strand
  • template strand
17
Q

where does RNA polymerase join and stop during transcription

A

joins at promoter region
stops at terminator region

18
Q

what is a ribosome comples

A
  • lost of ribosomes working on the same piece of RNA
19
Q

how many possible codons are the

A

64

20
Q

what are the start and stop codons

A

start codon = AUG (methionine)
stop codons = UAG, UAA, UGA

21
Q

what is post translational modification (3)

A

the chemical modification of a protein after translation, where
-functional groups are added ( lipids and carbs),
-some are cut in half or have AAs cleaved off the end
- phosphorylation - controlling behaviour of proteins (eg. activating or deactivation an enzyme)

22
Q

what are the 3 categories of cells in the body (haploid?)

A

somatic - normal body cells, undergo mitosis
germ - give rise to gametes in the gonads, undergo meiosis
gametes - cells that fuse during reproduction (haploid)

23
Q

define locus

A

part of a chromosome where a specific gene is located

24
Q

describe interphase

A
  • cells spend 90% of their time here
    -it is split into 3 sections
    G1: normal cell activity
    S: DNA replicates
    G2: enzymes for cell division are produced and organelles are replicated
25
Q

describe prophase

A
  • centrioles divide and move to each end
  • spindle fibres form (some extend towards equator)
  • chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • nuclear envelope disappears
26
Q

describe metaphase

A
  • chromosomes line up along equator
  • spindle fibres attach to centromeres
27
Q

describe anaphase

A
  • centromeres divide and chromatids are pulled apart to each side of the cell
  • cytokinesis begins
  • phase ends when chromatids reach opposite ends
28
Q

describe telophase

A
  • nuclear envelope reforms
  • cytokinesis continues
  • chromosomes start unravelling
  • microtubules disappear
29
Q

describe cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm and organelles divide

30
Q

what parts of the body have mitosis occurring slowly

A
  • brain
  • heart
  • skeletal muscles
31
Q

what are some examples where mitosis occurs most frequently (5)

A
  • areas of high abrasion
  • during pregnancy
  • during puberty
  • wound healing
  • RBCs
32
Q

what is unique about meiosis prophase 1

A

chromosome pairs undergo synapsis to for tetrads (sit closely together)
crossing over between homologous chromosomes occurs

33
Q

what is special about metaphase 1

A

random assortment along the equator

34
Q

what are the products at the end of meiosis 1

A

2 daughter cells each with 23 chromosomes (still replicated) that are not identical

35
Q

what product are there at the end of meiosis 2

A

4 daughter cells each with 23 chromosomes (not replicated) that are all unique and haploid

36
Q

name and describe 2 places where meiosis is occuring

A

in the testes (spermatogenesis) which is a lifelong process

and in the ovaries (oogenesis)
- at birth they contain all oocytes paused at prophase 1
- 1 division produces 1 function oocyte and 3 polar bodies

HSF (12 decks)

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