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GCSE Geography > Compentent 2 - Topic 4 > Flashcards

Compentent 2 - Topic 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the three past processes involved in shaping the UK landscape

A

Glaciation
Tectonic processes
Geology

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2
Q

How did glaciation effect the UK landscapes?

A

As the hills uplifted through tectonic processes, rivers then eroded into them, causing V-shaped valleys. However, recent ice ages 10,000 years ago caused these valleys to be turned into U-shaped valleys.

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3
Q

How did geology effect the UK landscape?

A

250 - 350 million years ago the UK was underneath a warm tropical sea. As these fish died, they were squashed and compressed forming sedimentary rock. Other rock like sand and mud then were laid down in layers above this.

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4
Q

How did tectonic processes effect the UK lanscapes?

A

500 million years ago the UK was wearing Antarctica is now. Now is slowly moved to its current location. The UK was in separate parts but they slowly moved together these collisions caused volcanoes form, and therefore creating mountains. Convection currents have also caused some uplift.

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5
Q

Whats is chalk?

A

Pure, young form of limestone. They have medium resistant but are stronger then clays younger than sands.

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6
Q

What is Limestone?

A

It’s a permeable rock with underground rivers passages and caves, generally it is resistant.

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7
Q

What is clay and how is it formed?

A

Clay is formed by mods deposited by rivers or at sea. When compacted it becomes shale and usually clay quite weak

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8
Q

How is granite formed and what is it?

A

Formed from calling magma deep underground. It contains crystals of quartz and is very resistant.

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9
Q

How is Schist formed?

A

Formed by further metamorphis of slate, where it is partly melted and solidified.

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10
Q

What is slate and how is it formed?

A

Formed from heated mud or shale and it’s very resistant.

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11
Q

What and how is ingeous rock formed?

A

Formed by magam cooling and causing it to harden. These rocks form crystals as they cool down but are also usually hard.

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12
Q

What are and how are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Layers of sediment are compacted together until they become solid rock. Limestone and chalk are formed from tiny shells and bones of sea creatures. Limestone is hard, but chalk is a softer rock.

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13
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

Formed when other rocks are changed by heat and pressure. The new rock becomes harder and more compact.

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14
Q

What is the line that seperates the Upland from the Lowland called?

A

Tees-exe line

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15
Q

What regions are in the upland?

A

Wales, Scotland, North West, North.

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16
Q

Name a national park in the upland?

A

Lake District

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17
Q

What Regions are in the Low Land?

A

Midlands, South, Southwest

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18
Q

Name a national park in the lowland

A

Cotswold Hills.

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19
Q

What rock types are in the Upland (and examples)

A

Metamorphic, Igneous and some sedimentary

Basalt, Granite, Schist, Gneiss, Quartzite

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20
Q

What rock types are in the Lowland (and examples)

A

Sedimentary

Clay, sands, limestone, chalk

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21
Q

Age of rock in the Uplands

A

Less than 2 Million years old

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22
Q

Age of rock in the Lowlands

A

Up to 600 million years old

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23
Q

Is rock more resistant in the Uplands or the Lowlands

A

More resistant in the Upland

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24
Q

Is the relief steeper in the Upland or the Lowland?

A

Steeper in the Upland

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25
What Land features are there in the Uplands?
Mountain ranges
26
What land features are there in the low land?
Hills, plains and downs
27
What human factors help create a distincive landsacpe between the Upland and the Lowland?
``` Settlment Building materials Field boundaries Farming Economic activity ```
28
What is settlement like in the Upland
There are isolated settlements of farms and houses. No villages.
29
What is settlement like in the lowland?
It was settled by the European Angles and they settled in villages. To this day, there still tends to be villages in the lowland.
30
What building materials are in the Upland?
Igneous rock as there is a lot of it in the Upland and if is quite sturdy
31
What are field boundaries made of in the Upland?
They use stone walls to keep the sheep in the boundaries and they follow the shape of the land.
32
What was farming like in the Upland?
The majority of farming involved sheep and grazing. Forests will never regrow there due to tye presence of sheep.
33
What economic activity is done in the Upland
A lot of inome in the Upland is made through farming.
34
What building materials are used in the lowland?
They have a lot of chalk but this isn't strong enough for building, so a lot of it is done out of brick.
35
How ar field boundaries done in the Lowland?
They are very structured and tend to be made of fencing and headroad.
36
How is farming done in the Lowland?
The glaciation period produced very fertile soil, so it is very easy to grow crops in the Lowland.
37
What economic activity is there in the Lowland?
Althought farming does produce some income, there is quite a lot of built up town centres that have shops and companies also producing incomes.
38
What is abrasion?
Particles and water scrape and rub against the rock, removing small bits each time.
39
What is hydraulic action?
Waves crash against the rock and compress air into the cracks, putting pressure onto the rocks. Eventually, the rocks will just break off.
40
What is attrition?
Particles in the water smash into eachother and break into smaller fragments. The edges round as they rub together.
41
Characteristics of a destructive wave...
``` Short wave length Big wave height Strong backwash Weak swash Erodes the beach 10-14 waves a minute ```
42
Characteristics of constructive waves...
Long wave length Small wave height Strong swash Weak backwash
43
What is the top of a wave called?
The crest
44
What is the bottom of a wave called?
Trouth
45
How many waves per minute are there for constructive waves?
1-9
46
How many waves per minute are there for destructive waves?
10-14
47
How does seasonality effect erosion in the UK?
Storms occur more frequently in winter, the strong winds create high energy in waves. This therefore increases the rate of erosion.
48
How does storm frequency effect coastal erosion?
The more high energy waves that hit cliffs, the more fragile the rocks will be, making them more vulnerable to eroding
49
How does prevailing winds and fetch effcet UK coastal erosion?
Winds are most commonly found coming from a south west direction as well as cool northernly winds. These will create bigger and stronger waves to hit the coast in these areas, increasing the rate of erosion.
50
Name the 3 sub aerial processes
``` Mass movement (rotational slumping) Mass movment (rock slides) Weathering ```
51
Name the 3 types of weathering
Chemical - slightly acid rain breaks down sedimentary rock Freeze thaw Biological - plant roots grow in cracks, pushing rocks apart
52
What is the process of rotational slumping?
Sand is permable and allows water to pass through. The accumilates at the boundary where the sand changed to clay. Clay is impearmable and doesn't allow any water through. The sand then becomes saturated and starts to rotationally slump.
53
What is the process of rock slides?
Erosion occurs at the bottom of a cliff and weathering at the top. The cliff becomes un supported and rocks above eroded rock begin to fall. Rain can also effect this process.
54
Name some resistant rocks
Granite Resistant sedimentary rocks like sandstone These can be found at Lulworth cove (Dorset)
55
Name some less resistant rocks and where you can find them
Clay Shales Found at Christchurch bay (Dorset)
56
What are joints
Very small (usuallt verticle) cracks found in many rocks
57
What are faults
Larger cracks caused by oast tectonic movements. This is rocks that have usually moved.
58
What is a disconcordant coastline?
If the strata are at a right angle to the coast. They also have multiple different rock types.
59
What is a concordant rock type?
If the strata is parallel to the coast
60
What does strata mean?
A layer of sedimentary rock or soil, or igneous rock
61
Example and features of a disconcordant coastline
``` Bantary Bay (SW Ireland) Contain arch stumps and stacks ```
62
Example and features of a concordant coastline
``` Lulworth Coast (Dorset) They can be featureless but usually have coves ```

GCSE Geography (5 decks)

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