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GCSE Geography > Component 1 - Topic 1 > Flashcards

Component 1 - Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the solar distribution like at the equator.

A

There is less distribution and a ‘thinner’ layer.

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2
Q

What is the distribution of solar radiation like at the poles?

A

It has a larger distribution area and a ‘thicker’ atmosphere.

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3
Q

What are low pressure conditions?

A

Low pressure conditions are often colder and rainy as hot air rises and condenses forming clouds.

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4
Q

What are high pressure conditions?

A

It is usually dry and warm as the cool air starts to heat up and become more dense causing it to fall.

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5
Q

What are the atomspheric circulation cells called in order from the equator out?

A

Hadley, Ferrel and then Polar.

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6
Q

How else is heat carried from different parts of the earth?

A

Surface winds.

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7
Q

What are ocean currents?

A

Ocean currents are large scale movements of water that transfer heat energy from warmer to cooler regions.

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8
Q

What is one example of ocean currents?

A

Gulf stream. Carries water from the Caribbean to Western Europe.

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9
Q

What happens when high pressure areas push air back down to the surface?

A

Surface winds either push them back to the equator of further out to the poles.

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10
Q

At high pressure zones, there will be _____ amounts of rain

A

little

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11
Q

Why do no coulds form in high pressure conditions?

A

The increasing pressure stops any air from condensing, so no clouds are formed.

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12
Q

What does ITCZ stand for

A

Inter-tropical convergence zone.

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13
Q

4 natural causes of climate change….

A

Orbital changes
Volcanic activity
Asteroid collisions
Solar output variation

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14
Q

What is eccentricity?

A

This is when the eaths orbit changes about every 100,000 years from a circular shape to a more oval shape, making us habe slightly colder conditions.

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15
Q

What is axial tilt?

A

The earths tilt changes about every 40,000 years. If the earth is tilted further from the sun, then we get more seperate seasons, colder winters and warmer summers.

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16
Q

What is precession?

A

The earth rotates on it’s axis, but not perfectly, so it wobbles. This effects our seasons and gives us either bigger or smaller difference between summer and winter. Occurs every 24,000 years.

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17
Q

What are asteroid collisions?

A

When large asteroids impact the earths surface, it can send large volumes of dust into the atmosphere. This partly blocked solar radiation causing glacial periods. This causes massive changes in temperature and can cause climate change.

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18
Q

How does volcanic activity effect climate change?

A

Volcanic erruptions produce ash and sulphur dioxide gas. These will be spread around the stratosphere by high level winds. This blocks sunlight reaching the earths surface and cools the planet.

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19
Q

What gas do volcanoes produce?

A

Sulphur dioxide.

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20
Q

In 1991 how much sulphur dioxide did Mount Pinatubo release?

A

It released 17 million tonnes of sulphur dioxide.

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21
Q

What do orbital changes effect?

A

The amount of solar radiation the earth recieves

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22
Q

What happens when the solar output is reduced?

A

It may cause the earths climate to become cooler.

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23
Q

How often does the earths output of energy change?

A

About every 11 years.

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24
Q

What do tree rings show us?

A

The size between the tree rings show us yhe conditions of that year. Warm, wet conditions will show big growth as these are perfect conditions.

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25
What do ice cores show us?
Scientists can analyse airr bubble in ice to see how much CO2 they contain.
26
What do historical sources tell us?
Old photos, drawing and written records help tell us things like about past climates. However, these records aren't scientific and can't be 100% accurate.
27
What is the earths atmosphere made up of?
Nitrogen (78%) Oxygen(20%) Carbon dioxide (0.03%) Water vapour (1%)
28
What green house gas dpes agriculture produce?
Methane and is 7% od greenouse gases produced through cattle farming and farming rice in paddy fields. It is 21 times more powerful than CO2.
29
Why is the demand for electricity increasing?
The population is increasing so we need more electricity. Most of the electricity is caused through burning fossil fuels that release greenhouse gasses.
30
By how much have temperatures increased since 1880
Nearly 1°C
31
How much is the average global temp expected to rise from 2005 to 2100?
0.3 - 4.8 °C
32
The ten warmest years have all been since the hear 2000
Ok
33
What is happening to the artic sea ice?
It is rapidly melting.
34
How much had the floating ice in the arctic shrunk between 2012 and 1979?
Over half
35
How much has the extend of the arctic sea ice shrunk per decade for the last 35 years?
The extent of artic sea ice in winter has decreased by more than 3% each decade over the past 35 years
36
Why are sea levels rising?
As the global temperatures increase, the ocean expands as when water gets warmer it expands.
37
How much did sea levels rise by from 1870 to 2010?
210mm
38
What is one other factor behind rising sea levels?
Ice sheets and glaciers are melting, so the water stored on land as ice is returning to the ocean, causing sea levels to rise.
39
What temperatures do oceans have to be for TC's to form
26.5°C
40
What are the conditions in the storm eye like?
Clear sky and no wind
41
How to winds rotate at the top of the cyclone?
It rotates outwards.
42
What are conditions in the eye wall like?
Heavy rain and strong winds form in the eye wall.
43
What kind of clouds are in TC's?
Cumulonimbus clouds
44
What air rises in TC's
Warm air
45
What causes TC to start spinning?
Trade winds cause this to happen.
46
What are the 3 stages in the life of a TC?
Origin Mature Dissipation
47
Why is the warm air rising into a TC moist?
It has evaporated the water from the ocean sitting below it.
48
How tall can TC become?
Up to 15km tall
49
What does the coriolis effect do?
It causes the rising air to spiral around the centre of the TC.
50
What way do cyclones rotate in the northen hemisphere?
Anti clockwise.
51
What was one of the the lowest air pressues recorded?
877 millibars im Typhoon Ida 1958
52
How are TC's transported?
The global wind circulation.
53
Hazards of TC's
``` High winds Intense Rainfall Coastal flooding Stormsurges Landslides ```
54
How can TC's be forcasted?
Satellite technology Computor models Magnitude measured through wind speeds.
55
How can people prepare of TC's
Warning people to evacuate Government laying out evacuation routes Training emergency services to help people in these times.
56
What defenses can be set up against TC's
Sea walls can be set up to prevent the storm surges | Buildings can be built to withstand the storm, eg on stilts on allow for flooding underneath.
57
Hurricane Katrina Magnitude, Location and date....
Category 3, South East USA, 20th August 2006
58
Impacts on the enviroment for Katrina
Coastal Habitats destroyed Flooding in oil refineries caused massive oil spills. Half of the National Wildlife refuge in Louisiana was swept away
59
Impacts on people from Katrina
``` 1800 killed 300,000 homes destroyed 3 mil left without electricity 230,000 jobs lost Roads damaged ```
60
Forcasting for Katrina
USA have a sophisticated monitoring system to predict if a hurricane will hit. The NHC have satellite images that collect weather data.
61
Warning and evacuation for Katrina
A Hurricane warning was issued | Missisippi and Louisiana were declared states of emergency and 80% of New Oleans residents were evauated.
62
Defences for Katrina
The flood defenses that were ment to protect New Orleans FAILED This caused a wide spread of flooding and 80% pf the city was underwater.
63
Magnitude, place and date lf Cyclone Nargis
Category 4, Irrawaddy, Myanmar, 2nd May, 2008
64
Nargis impacts on the enviroment 38 hectares of mangrove forests were destroyed Flooding caused erosion of the land.
14000 km^2 of land was flooded
65
Nargis impacts on people
140,000 killed 450,000 homes destroyed A further 350,000 damaged A lot of people suffered from disease of contaminated water.
66
Nargis forecasting
No dedicated monitoring centre for TC | No radar network that can predict the size of the TC
67
Nargis warning and evacuation
Indian weather agencies warned Myanmar 48 hours before it hit Warning were issued on the TV, but didn't reach the poor communities There were no evactuation plans
68
Nargis defences
Mangrove forests protected the coast from flooding. However a lot had been chopped down Homes were made of weak materials and easily destroyed
69
Layers of the earth from top to bottom
``` Crust Upper mantle Lower mantle Outer core Inner core ```
70
Temp of Lithosphere
900°C
71
Temp of lower mantle
1600-4000°C
72
Temp of upper mantle
900-1600°C
73
Temp of outer core
4500-5500°C
74
Temp of inner core
5000-6000°C
75
Convergent plate boundaries
Two plate move towards eachother. The less dense plate will be forced undergroud With two continential plates, they hit eachother strait on and form rock mountains.
76
Divergent plate boundaries.
Plates move apart ang magma rises to fill a new crust. These are mostly formed under oceans where underwater volcanoes are formed
77
Conservative boundaries
Two plates slode past eachother in opposite directions. If they get stuck, pressure will build up and an earth quake will be created. For example the San Andreas fault in Californa.
78
Descructive boundary occurs when...
Two plates are moving towards eachother. One plate is forced beneath and melts into magma. Often found along the coast
79
Constructive boundaries
Occur when two plates move apart. Magma rises to fill the gap and cools to form the new crust. This leads to the formation of a volcano.
80
How do volcanoes form?
When an earthquake, volcano or landslide forms on the ocean floor, water is displaced and this starts the tsunami. The build up of energy from two plate boundaries suddenly being released causes the tsunami.
81
Tsunami example
Indean Ocean, Boxing day Tsunami 2004. Caused by an earthquake with a magnitude of 9. The earthquake caused the sea floor to uplift, displacing the sea water above.
82
Japan earthquake
11th March 2011. Earthquake struck NE Japan. 9.0 on the moment magnitude and triggered a tsunami. Scientists predicted a smaller earthquake.
83
Japan Earthquake primary examples
Thousands of builidings were damaged | The earthquake caused sever liquefaction
84
Japan earthquake secondary impacts
Tsunami killed thousands of people 230,000 were made homeless Road and rail networks were completely damaged
85
Short term relief for Japan Earthquake
International aid and research teams were bought in. Transport and communications were restored after a couple of weeks Power supplies were restored fairly quickly
86
Long term planning Japan Earthquake
Japan gave people advnaced warming to evacuate and seek higher ground. Builings in tokyo were designed to withstand earthquakes Nobody died on the bullet train due to automatic braking system
87
Haiti earthquake
12th January West Haiti hit by an earthquake. 7.0 on the richter scale. Epicemtre 25km south of the capital It was unexpected amd Haiti had never been hit by a earthquake of this magnitude
88
Primary impacts Haiti Earthquake
``` 316,000 died and 30,000 injured 1.5 were made homeless 180,000 homes destroyed . 8 hospitals collapsed 5000 schools damaged or destroyed Major links were damaged beyond repair ```
89
Secondary impacts of Haiti Earthquake
Cholera spread and killed over 8000 60% of Haitia tourism and exports stopped 1 in 5 jobs were lost The port was destroyed making it difficult to get aid to the area
90
Short term relief Haiti earthquake
Emergency aid was initially slow International aid and search and recuse teams were flown in Food water and medical supplies were flown in from the USA Uk Charities raised £100 million to supply emergency aid
91
Long term planning Haiti earthquake
Completely unprepared but now have monitoring systems in the area Government moved 235,000 people to less damaged areas in Haiti 3/4 of the damged building were inspected and repaired

GCSE Geography (5 decks)

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