compiled from notes Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
stages of infection
A
entry into body
replication + spread
disease
exit from body (infect others)
2
Q
barriers to infection (3)
A
- mechanical
- chemical
- microbiological
3
Q
are b and t cells innate immune cells?
A
no
4
Q
granulocytes can go to become _____ but there are also ______ _______
A
macrophages
resident macrophages
5
Q
monocytes are in the _____, and can enter tissues and then differentiate into ____
A
blood
macrophages
6
Q
macrophage functions (3)
A
phagocytosis
activation of bacterial mechanisms
antigen presentation
7
Q
neutrophils are most common phagocytes t or f
A
t
8
Q
neutrophils are ___ lived
A
short
9
Q
phagocytes can be in the form of :
tissue ______
_____ in blood
_____ (PMN) in blood
A
macrophages
monocytes
pholymorphonuclear neutrophils
10
Q
pathogens are recognized by ____
A
phagocytes (recognize pathogen components - e.g. cell wall)
11
Q
on a damaged cell, the target for phagocytes are what
A
newly exposed sugars
12
Q
mannose receptor is when ____ type _____ binds _____
A
c
lectin-R
mannose (carbs)
13
Q
complement receptor is what ___, ___, and ___
A
CR3, 4
LPS
14
Q
lipid receptor directs _____ function/_____
A
immune
metabolism
15
Q
scavenger receptor binds ______ so is for bacteria and _____
A
LD lipoproteins
yeast
16
Q
dectin-1 (beta glucan) receptor is ___ type ______ (like mannose receptor), which binds ____ structures and so is used as an anti-_____ response
A
C
lectin-R
beta-glucan
fungal
17
Q
toll-like receptors are _____, and they recognize ___ and _____
A
PRR
PAMPS
DAMPS
18
Q
PAMPS and DAMPS are either ___ or ___ dimer pairs
A
hetero
homo
19
Q
what things initiate platform called the inflammasome?
A
NLRs, NLRP, NLRP3, NLRC4
20
Q
what does the inflammasome do?
A
enables signalling molecules to come together to initiate type of programmed cell death
and secrete active cytokines (IL1BETA and IL18)
21
Q
what are the immediate products of mast cells (3)
A
histamine
heparin
enzymes - tryptase and chymase
22
Q
what are the delayed product of mast cells
A
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
cytokines
23
Q
IL6 (_ IL1beta + TNFalpha) can do what
A
stimulate liver hepatocytes to make acute phase proteins
24
Q
interferons act ____crine-ly
A
auto
25
interferons are an ____ cytokine
inflammatory
26
what do interferons do? (3)
inhibit viral replication
bind to cells expressing interferon receptors
activate macrophages + NKC
27
what do NK cells do? (1)
release lytic granules that kill some virus-infected cells
28
what are the 4 innate cells?
- eosinophils
- basophils
- innate lymphoid
- dendritic
29
what do eosinophils do?
immune cell recruitment
30
what do basophils do?
supports generation of adaptive immunity
31
what do innate lymphoids do?
support gut immune response
32
what do dendritic cells do?
direct adaptive immunity
33
what are the steps to phagocytosis?
1. attachment via PRR
2. ingestion
3. killing - in phagocytic vacuole which has enzymes in it
4. degredation
34
what are cytokines?
hormone-like molecules of immune (+other) systems
35
what are the families of cytokines?
interleukins
interferons
chemokines
36
what do chemokines do?
tells cells where to go in body
37
what does RAGE do?
recognizes products of damage
38
what are some other PRR families? (3)
RLR
CLR
NLR
39
what is RLR 1
intracellular receptors
40
what is CLR
c-type lectin receptors
41
what is NLR
nucleotide binding domain (most are intracellular)
42
what is paracrine signalling
secretion by cells into immediate extracellular environment
43
what is endocrine signalling
hormones secreted by special cells into bloodstream
44
what is autocrine signalling
cells secreting signallign molecules that bind to receptors on its own surface
45
which are the two most common type of signalling
paracrine
autocrine
46
complement is one of the sources of ____
opsonin
47
what is complement? a collection of ____ proteins in ____ that circulate in ___ form
soluble
plasma
inactive
48
the classical pathway is initiated by _____ or ____
antibody
CRP
49
the alternative pathway is initiated by ______
C3b
50
the lectin pathway is initiated by ____
MBL (mannose binding lectin / protein)
51
what does opsonin do?
sticks to pathogens + flags them and makes them 'tastier' for macrophages
52
acute phase proteins ____ immune response
amplify
53
haptoglobin does what
binds iron
54
complement c3 is cleaved to make
c3a and c3b
55
serum-amyloid _____ fever + _____ activation
inhibits
platelet
56
c-reactive protein binds ____, _____ and can trigger _____
phosphoryl choline
opsonin
complement
57
the innate response is ___, with ____ methods of attack. it is not always ____.
immediate
varied
specific
58
the adaptive response is ___ and specific. it also has _____ through _______
targeted
memory
B + T lymphocytes
59
b cells attack ___ cells
outside
60
b cells originate and differentiate in _____
bone marrow
61
t cells attack ____ cells
inside
62
t cells originate in ____
bone marrow
63
where do t cells differentiate?
thymus
64
both b and t cells have _____ on their surface that can recognize _____
receptors
foreign molecules
65
what is the main function of an antibody
to bind foreign antigens
66
antibody/antigen interactions are determined by ________ of the _____
hypervariable regions
antibody
67
the hypervariable regions form the ________
complementary determining region
68
antigen binding site = _______ in shape to ______
comlpementary
antigenic epitope
69
antibodies usually bind to _______
conformational epitopes
70
conformational epitopes are formed by _______
protein folding
71
the forces in antigen-antibody binding are
non-covalent (not strong)
72
the affinity of antigen binding is what
the strength of binding between an epitope + antigen/antibody binding site
73
the avidity of antibody binding is what
overall strength of an antibody-antigen complex (if antibody is using both binding sites, overall strength is more)
74
are antibodies produced all the time?
no
75
the humoral immune response is mediated by _____
antibodies
76
antibodies have many effector functions, such as (4)
- neutralization
- opsonization
- activation of complement
- antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
77
what is neutralization
prevents pathogen or protein from binding to target
prevents the entering of a cell + replicating
78
vaccines elicit what kind of response
neutralization
79
what is opsonization
pathogen tagged by antibodies is phagocytosed by macrophages or neutrophil
80
in opsonization, the ___ domain binds to ___ receptor to trigger ______
Fc
Fc
phagocytosis
81
MALT (_________) is associated with ______ which is for _____ secretions and ____ surfaces
mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
IgA
external
membrane
82
what do b cell receptors do? (3)
- determines fate of antigen encountered b cells
- modulate gene expression, adhesion or survival
- differentiate into plasma b cell
83
papain cuts at _____ bonds that link ____ chains
disulfide
heavy
84
antibody structure = _____dimers
2 identical ___ chains
2 identical ____ chains
hetero
light
heavy
85
what are fab fragments
fragment antigen binding
86
the remaining domain after papain cleaves antibody doesn't bind ___ but ____ - so called Fc (=____ ____)
antigen
crystalizes
fragment crystalizeable
87
parts of antigens that are recognized by antibody are called ____ ____
antigenic epitopes
88
the antigen binding site is at the __ terminal
N
89
the effector domain in an antigen is at the __ terminal
C
90
acquired antibody response =
after exposure to pathogen
91
specific antibody response =
for specific pathogen
92
memory antibody response =
2nd response = bigger and faster
93
innate response is ... (3)
immediate
not-specific for any one pathogen
no memory 2nd memory same as first
94
ADCC is when cells with ___ can bind ___ and kill target cells by releasing ___ and ____
FCR (e.g. NK cell or macrophage)
antibody
perforin
granzymes
95
antibodies attached to surface of pathogen activate the ___ ___ of complement system, which leads to ... (2)
first protein
1. pore formation and lyse bacterium directly
2. induce phagocytosis
96
IgM and IgA do what
form polymers
97
in the Fc portion, what is there
CH3, CH2, CH1
98
CD4 '____' t cells
helper
99
CD8 '____' t cells
cytotoxic
100
TCR's dont recognize ___ directly unlike BCRs
antigens
101
in TCR, the Valpha and Vbeta domains contain _____ resulting in different ____ on different T cells, which are specific for different ____ ____
hypervariable regions
CDRs
antigen epitopes
102
CP3 is not involved in _____ ___, but interacts with TCR to mediate ____ ____
antigen recognition
intracellular signalling
103
an antigen has to be processed and presented by ____ via ____
APC
MHC
104
what is MCH
collection of genes arrayed with long continuous stretch of DNA
105
MHC molecules bind ___ _____ and present to ___ cells
antigenic peptides
t cells
106
MHC's are polygenic, meaning
they contain several different MHC class I and class II genes
107
MHC's are polymorphic, meaning
multiple variants of each gene within population
108
MHC class 1 and 2 are involved in ____ to ___ cells
antigen presenting
t
109
MHC class 3 doesn't code for ____
MHC genes
110
MHC class II encode ___ and __ chains
alpha and beta
111
MHC class II is encoded by ___ ___ ___ regions
DP, DQ, DR
112
MCH class III are components of complement _____ factor heat shock proteins
tumour necrossi
113
MHC-1 has a long ___ chain
alpha
114
in MHC 2, there is restricted ____, both chains have ____ and ____ domains
expression
cytoplasmic
transmembrane
115
MHC genes are ____ expressed in you
codominantly
116
MHC class I + II form complexes with ____ ligands
peptide
117
MHC class 1 is involved in the presentation of ___ antigens
intracellular
118
MHC class 2 are involved in presentation of _____ antigens
extracellular
119
when an endogenous antigen is presented to class I MHC, the process is :
antigen degraded in ____, and then the antigen ___ transported by ___ to ____
proteosome
peptides
TAP
RER
120
one the antigen is in the MHC, _____ binds to both antigen peptide and ____
TCR
MHC
121
TCR specificity is determined by (2)
antigen peptide
MHC
122
MHC class 1 presents antigen to CD__ t cells
8
123
MHC class 2 presents antigen to CD__ t cells
4
124
CD4 - t cells interact with ____
macrophages
125
what are the primary lymphoid tissues
where B and T cells develop
thymus, bone marrow
126
primary lymphoid tissues are ___ independent
Ag
127
what are secondary lymphoid tissues
where lymphocytes migrate to
lymph nodes, spleen, MALT
128
afferent lymphatic vessels ____ lymph nodes
drain
129
lymph leaves through _____ lymphatic vessels
efferent
130
migration is ___ driven
selectin
131
in migration, __ selectin is induced on vessels in response to _____
P
leukotrine
132
____ and ___ induce 2nd selectin (___ selectin)
TNF
LPS
E
133
the E-selectin recognizes the ________ on immune cells, and the process of _____ begins
lewis x structures
rolling
134
in the firm attachment bit of migration, ____ and ____ are involved
ICAM-1
ICAM-2
135
ICAM-1 is an
intracellular adhesion molecule
136
ICAM-1 and 2 bind to ___ and ___ on leukocytes, stopping rolling
LFA-1
CR3
137
the third step of migration is _____
extravasation
138
extravasion is what
leukocyte crossing endothelial wall
139
_____ (PECAM) interactions also facilitate extravasion on ____ and ____ cells
CD31
leukocyte
endothelial
140
cells move ___ the chemokine gradient
up
141
naive t and b cells get ___ into lymph node
venules
142
____ and ___ are produced at the infection site
CXCL8 and CCL2
143
CXCL8 is released by _____ and attracts ____
macrophages
neutrophils
144
CCL2 is produced by _____ cells and ____ cells, and attracts _____
endothelial
stromal
monocytes
145
CXCL8 (IL8) is produced by ______ and _____ cells and mobilizes ____ cells
epithelial
macrophages
naive t cells
146
the spleen has no _____ lymphatics
afferent
147
the spleen filters ____ from the blood
antigen
148
high endothelial venules let ____ leave bloodstream and enter _____
lymphocytes
lymph node
149
B cells follow ____ path
chemokine
150
L-selectin, which is an ____ interacts with _____, which is an ______
adhesion molecule
CD34
endothelial ligand
151
antibodies are made by cells of _____ lineage
b lymphocyte
152
antibodies are produced by ____ cells that differentiate from ___________
plasma
antigen specific b cells
153
