Concept 1 & 2 Flashcards
(21 cards)
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions within each cell of an organism
Chemical reactions
The breaking and forming of bonds between different substances during chemical changes
Catabolic
Reactions that break down larger molecules into simpler compounds
Anabolic
Reactions that build larger molecules;ers from smaller ones
Activation energy
The amount of energy needed to make a chemical reaction start
Reactant (substrate)
Substance this changed during a chemical reaction.
Product
Substance that is made during a chemical reaction
Enzyme
(usually a protein) that speeds up biochemical reaction by lowering its activation energy
Catalyst
substances that speed up reactions without being permanently altered
Active site
location on an enzyme where the substrate binds
Denaturation
When an enzyme’s active site loses its specific shape, causing a loss in biological activity
Summarize how energy changes during a chemical reaction as bonds are broken and formed
Energy is released when tons are formed
Energy is absorbed when bonds are broken
All reactions require energy to be absorbed and released.
No energy in the system gets lost, but can seem lost due to a change in form
Explain the overall function of enzymes in biochemical reactions like photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Enzymes control all metabolic reactions. They speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to get the reaction started
Describe five factors that affect the rate. of chemical reactions
As TEMPATURE increases the rate increases due to molecules moving faster and colliding more
Enzymes work in specific PH ranges. They can lose function outside of that range and not be able to speed up the reaction
As SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION increases the rate increases due to more particle collisions
CATALYSTS (like enzymes) speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed
COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS lower the rate by competing with substrate for the enzyme’s active site.
ATP
An energy-carrying molecule that carries/stores energy for cell functions; the main energy currency for the cell
Chemiosmosis
Movement of ions down a concentration gradient
Explain the purpose of ATP
ATP carries energy in a usable form for the cell wherever it is needed.
Describe ATP-ADP cycle Include what is and is not recycled and the role of ATP synthase
ATP is really unstable, so it doesn’t take a lot of energy to break the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates.
When this happens and the P goes off to bond elsewhere, energy is released for the cell to use.
When consumed food gets broken down during cellular respiration, the energy gets stored in ATP by adding a 3rd phosphate back on to ADP.
ADP is recycled, nothing else necessarily is.
ATP Synthase is the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of the 3rd phosphate to make ADP ATP.
Explain what the energy is used for when a phosphate is removed and where that energy initially comes from
Energy can be used for active transport, cell division, or other cellular processes.
That energy initially comes from glucose (a carb) and other macromolecules.
Summarize why the overall process of breaking down ATP is considered an exothermic process, while the overall process of forming ATP is considered an endothermic process.
It doesn’t take a big input of energy to break the 3rd phosphate off (since ATP is so unstable). Overall, more energy is released than absorbed by this process, and thus it is considered exothermic.
It takes a lot of energy to attach the 3rd phosphate, so very little is released when ATP is formed. Overall, because more energy is absorbed than released, it is considered an endothermic process.
What is recycled and what is not
ADP is recycled ATP is not
