concept 6c

Question 1

emotion

Answer 1

natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others

Question 2

elements of emotion

Answer 2

physiological response
behavioral response
cognitive response

Question 3

physiological response

Answer 3

changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, and blood pressure that occur when a feeling/emotion is experienced
stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

Question 4

behavioral response

Answer 4

facial expressions and body language associated with emotion
how you act due to a specific emotion

Question 5

cognitive response

Answer 5

subjective interpretation of the feeling/emotion that is being experienced
what you think about the situation and the emotion
determination of one’s emotion is based on memories of past experiences and perception of the cause of the emotion

Question 6

Ekman’s 7 universal emotions

Answer 6

happiness
sadness
contempt
surprise
fear
disgust 
anger

Question 7

facial expression cues of the universal emotions

Answer 7

happiness- smile, wrinkling around eyes, raised cheeks
sadness- frown, inner eyebrows pulled up and together
contempt- one corner of the mouth pulled upwards
surprise- eyes widen, eyebrows pulled up and curved, jaw opens
fear- eyes widen, eyebrows pulled up and together, lips pulled toward ears
disgust- nose wrinkling and/or raising of upper lip
anger- glaring, eyebrows pulled down and together, lips pressed together

Question 8

James-Lange theory

Answer 8

stimulus results in physiological arousal which leads to a secondary response in which emotion is consciously experienced
stimulus–>physiological arousal/nervous system arousal–> conscious emotion
“I must be angry bc my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high”

Question 9

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 9

stimulus is first received and is simultaneously processed physiologically and cognitively
allowing for conscious emotion to be experienced
stimulus–> physiological arousal and conscious emotion–> action
“I am afraid bc I see a snake and my heart is racing… Let me out of here”

Question 10

Schachter-Singer theory

Answer 10

physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before emotion is consciously experienced
stimulus–> physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal–> conscious emotion
“I am excited bc my heart is racing and even else is happy”
cognitive appraisal is the understanding of the environment

Question 11

limbic system

Answer 11

complex set of structures that reside blow the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus
brain structure that helps us experience emotion, one of many parts but it is the most notable
play roles in motivation and emotion

Question 12

structures in the limbic system

Answer 12

amygdala 
thalamus
hypothalamus 
hippocampus
fornix 
septal nuclei
parts of the cerebral cortex

Question 13

amygdala

Answer 13

signals the context about stimuli related to attention and emotions
associated w/ fear and role of human emotion through interpretation of facial expression
processes environment, detects cues, learns from surroundings and produces emotion
rats with damaged amygdala cannot be classically conditioned to establish new fears

Question 14

thalamus

Answer 14

preliminary sensory processing station

routes info to the cortex and other area regions of the brain

Question 15

hypothalamus

Answer 15

located below the thalamus
synthesizes and releases neurotransmitters
serves homeostatic functions
involved in modulating emotion
controls neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal

Question 16

hippocampus

Answer 16

in the temporal lobe
primarily involved in creating long-term memories
storage and retrieval of emotional memories are key in producing an emotional response
aids in creating context for stimuli that lead to emotional experience

Question 17

emotional memories

Answer 17

this is the storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event
unconscious implicit memory
properly considered memories about emotions than stored emotions

Question 18

temporal lobe in emotion

Answer 18

ability to distinguish and interpret others’ facial expressions
some input fro the occipital lobe
lateralized-right hemisphere is more active than left

Question 19

prefrontal cortex

Answer 19

associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions
receives arousal input from the brainstem, coordinating arousal and cognitive states
left associated with positive emotion
right associated with negative emotion

Question 20

dorsal prefrontal cortex

Answer 20

associated with attention and cognition

Question 21

ventral prefrontal cortex

Answer 21

connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

Question 22

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 22

thought to play a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala

Question 23

automatic nervous system

Answer 23

specific physiological reactions are associated with specific emotions
skin temp, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure are affected when experiencing emotion

Question 24

stress

Answer 24

the response to signifiant events, challenges, and decisions

Question 25

cognitive appraisal

Answer 25

subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress | consists of 2 stages: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal

Question 26

primary appraisal

Answer 26

is the initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat can be identified as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful if stage 1 reveals a threat stage 2 begins

Question 27

secondary appraisal

Answer 27

directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress involves the evaluation of 3 things: harm or damaged caused by the event; threat or potential for future damage caused by event; challenge or the potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event

Question 28

stressor

Answer 28

biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response severity can range from minimal to irritating hassles to catastrophic scenarios

Question 29

common stressors

Answer 29

``` environmental factors daily events workplace or academic setting social expectations chemical and biological stressors ```

Question 30

distress

Answer 30

bad stress | occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors

Question 31

eustress

Answer 31

good stress occurs when experiencing positive conditions life events like graduating from college

Question 32

psychological stressors

Answer 32

``` pressure control predictability frustration conflict ```

Question 33

approach-approach conflict

Answer 33

refers to the need to chose b/w 2 desirable options

Question 34

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Answer 34

conflicts are choices b/w 2 negative options

Question 35

approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 35

conflicts deal with only once choice, goal, or event | but the outcome could have both positive and negative elements

Question 36

general adaptation syndrom

Answer 36

sequce of physiological responses to stressors | consists of 3 distinct stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Question 37

alarm stage

Answer 37

initial reaction to a stressor activation of the sympathetic nervous system hypothalamus stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary --> stimulates release of cortisol to maintain blood sugar in stressful events (stress hormone) hypothalamus activates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine for sympathetic NS

Question 38

resistance stage

Answer 38

continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic NS to remain engaged to fight the stressor

Question 39

exhaustion stage

Answer 39

when the body can no longer maintain an elevated response w/ sympathetic NS activity individuals become more susceptible to illnesses and medical conditions

Question 40

effects of stress on the brain

Answer 40

acute stress: increased alertness and less perception of pain chronic stress: impaired memory and increased risk of depression

Question 41

effects of stress on the thymus gland and immune tissues

Answer 41

acute stress: immune system readies for possible injury | chronic stress: deteriorated immune response

Question 42

effects of stress on the circulatory system

Answer 42

acute stress: heart beats faster, and blood vessels constrict to bring more oxygen to muscles chronic stress: elevated blood pressure and higher risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 43

effects of stress on adrenal glands

Answer 43

acute stress: secrete hormones that mobilize energy supplies chronic stress: high hormone levels slow recovery from acute stress

Question 44

effects of stress on reproductive organs

Answer 44

acute stress: reproductive functions are temporarily suppressed chronic stress: higher risk of infertility and miscarriage

Question 45

emotional response to stress

Answer 45

elevated stress results in individuals feeling irritable, moody, tense, fearful, and helpless may have difficulty w/ concentration and memory

Question 46

behavioral response to stress

Answer 46

negative behavior that occurs include withdrawing from others, difficulties at work or at school, substance use, aggression, and suicide chronic stress can lead to mental health disorders (anxiety and depression)

Question 47

coping with stress

Answer 47

strategies fall into 2 groups: problem-focused strategies emotionally focused strategies can be adaptive (good coping, reaching to family and friends) or maladaptive (bad coping, substance abuse)

Question 48

problem-focused coping strategies

Answer 48

involve working to overcome a stressor reaching out to family and friends for social support, confronting issues head on, and creating and following a plan of problem-solving actions

Question 49

emotionally focused coping strategies

Answer 49

center on changing one's feelings about a stressor taking responsibility for the issue, engaging in self-control, distancing oneself from issue, engaging in wishful thinking, and using positive reappraisal to focus on positive outcomes instead of stressor

Question 50

stress management

Answer 50

exercise--> powerful stress management tool, improves health, wellness, and mood. release endorphins, feel-good neurotransmitter relaxation technique--> meditation, diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation spiritual practice--> religion