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Microbiology > Concepts of infectious disease > Flashcards

Concepts of infectious disease Flashcards

1
Q

infectious disease

A

illness caused by a pathogen

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2
Q

true pathogen

A

a disease causing organism; when in contact with the pathogen it WILL cause disease

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3
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

will cause disease only if circumstances within the host change

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4
Q

host

A

houses the pathogen

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5
Q

sporadic cases of disease

A

isolated infections in a given population or region

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6
Q

endemic cases of disease

A

infections are routinely detected in a given population or region

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7
Q

epidemic

A

widespread disease outbreak in a particular region during a specific time frame

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8
Q

pandemic

A

an epidemic that has spread to numerous countries

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9
Q

emerging pathogens

A
  • newly identified pathogens
  • previously unknown to humans
  • ex. COVID-19
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10
Q

reemerging pathogens

A
  • infectious agent that was under control, but now is resurfacing
  • ex. antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria
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11
Q

zoonotic diseases

A
  • spread by animals
  • humans are accidental, dead-end hosts
  • ~60% of emerging infections since 1970’s
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12
Q

what are the 6 groups of pathogens

A

1.helminths
2. protozoans
3. fungi
4. bacteria
5. viruses
6. prions

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13
Q

noncommunicable diseases

A

not spread from person to person

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14
Q

communicable diseases

A

does transmit from person to person

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15
Q

contagious

A

easily transmitted from one host to the next

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16
Q

active infection

A

patient is showing signs and symptoms

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17
Q

signs

A

objective indicators of disease, can be measured and verified

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18
Q

symptoms

A

sensed by the patient, subjective; cannot be measured

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19
Q

latent infection

A

host has no signs or symptoms

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20
Q

acute infection

A

sick for a small amount of time and eventually recover

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21
Q

persistent chronic infection

A

have an acute phase initially but infection doesnt go away; may have signs/symptoms ocasionally

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22
Q

persistent latent infection

A

have an acute phase initially, infection then goes away and flares up occasionally

23
Q

Koch’s postulates of disease

A

the four criteria used to evaluate what pathogen is causative a agent of a particular disease
1. same organism is present in every case of disease
2. organism must be isolated from diseased host and grown as pure culture
3. organism should cause disease when introduced into susceptible host
4. organism must then be re-isolated from new, diseased host

24
Q

limitations of koch’s postulates

A
  • doesnt apply to non-infectious diseases
  • pure culture problem
  • obligate intracellular pathogens
  • human-only pathogens
  • asymptomatic or latent diseases
25
Q

reservoir

A

animate or inanimate habitat where pathogen is naturally found

26
Q

source

A

disseminates the agent from reservoir to new hosts **intermediate

27
Q

direct contact transmission

A
  • person to person
  • animal
  • environment
  • vertical (pregnancy)
28
Q

indirect contact transmission

A
  • airborne
  • vehicle (contaminated objects)
  • vector-biological (insect bite)
  • vector-mechanical (pathogen is carried by another organism/object)
29
Q

infectivity

A

how good an infectious agent is at establishing an infection

30
Q

virulence

A

severity of disease following infection

31
Q

pathogenicity

A

general ability of agent to cause disease

32
Q

five stages of infectious disease

A
  1. incubation period
  2. prodromal phase
  3. acute phase
  4. period of decline
  5. convalescent phase
33
Q

chronic carriers

A

carry the disease and show symptoms chronically and transmit to other host

34
Q

asymptomatic carriers

A

carry the disease and transmit it to others and cause others to be symptomatic

35
Q

epidemiology

A
  • the study of what is upon people
  • describes the nature, cause, and extent of new or existing diseases in a population
  • intervene to protect and improve health in populations
36
Q

epidemiological triangle

A

a tool for seeing how infectious disease spread
- etiological agent
- host factors
- environmental factors

37
Q

etiological agent

A

fungi, bacteria, virus, or parasite

38
Q

environmental factors

A

climate, geographical location, availability of transmitting vector, water source, food source, etc

39
Q

host factors

A

general health, sex, lifestyle, age, ethnicity, occupation, etc

40
Q

strategies to break the epidemiological triangle

A
  • public education
  • quarantine
  • vector control
  • role of public health system
41
Q

ignaz semmelweis

A
  • hungarian physician
  • noticed childbed fever
  • recommended hand washing
42
Q

joseph lister

A
  • started aseptic surgery techniques
  • washing instruments with carbolic acid
  • encouraged healing, prevented pus forming
43
Q

florence nightingale

A
  • aseptic technique in nursing practices
  • founder of modern nursing
44
Q

healthcare-acquired infections

A
  • nosocomial infections
  • diseases that develop from healthcare intervention
  • direct or indirect contact
  • localized or systemic
  • medical devices or procedure
  • biofilms
  • surveillance, prevention, and control programs
45
Q

superbug HAIs

A
  • drug-resistant pathogens
  • routine testing when hospitalized
46
Q

CDCs national notifiable disease surveillance system

A

reportable and notifiable diseases are kept track of on a national and international level

47
Q

outbreak

A
  • increase in number of cases of disease
  • limited to community or particular geographic area
  • normally caused by an infection caused by contact
48
Q

epidemic

A
  • sudden increase in number of disease cases
  • infections are above what is normally expected in population in that area
  • can affect people within a short period of time
49
Q

pandemic

A
  • disease usually affects a large number of people
  • has spread across several countries or continents
50
Q

incubation period

A

the time between infection and the development of the earliest symptoms

51
Q

prodromal phase

A

early symptoms develop

52
Q

acute phase

A

the peak of the disease

53
Q

period of decline

A

replication of the infectious agent is brought under control; symptoms start to resolve

54
Q

convalescent phase

A

the patient recovers; in some cases the pathogen is kept latent in the patient

Microbiology (10 decks)

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