Immunotherapy and vaccines Flashcards
1
Q
what is CAR T cell therapy
A
artificial T cell receptor proteins that have been engineered to give T cells the new ability to target a specific antigen
2
Q
CAR T-cell therapy steps
A
- remove blood from patient to get T cells
- make CAR T cells in the lab
- Grow millions of CAR T cells
- infuse CAR T cells into patient
- CAR T cells bind to cancer cells and kill them
3
Q
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) Therapy
A
- 95% IgI
- trace IgA and IgM
- liquid immunoglobulin is taken from the blood plasma of donors and purified for IVIg therapy
- during therapy prepared immunoglobulin is infused into veins
4
Q
herd immunity
A
vaccinating a sufficient percentage of people leads to herd immunity for nonvaccinated individuals
5
Q
vaccination
A
- can be injected, inhaled, or ingested
- do not provide immediate protection
- stimulate immunological memory
6
Q
active vaccines
A
- attenuated
- vector vaccines
7
Q
inactivated vaccines
A
- whole-agent vaccines
- parts of a pathogen
8
Q
live attenuated vaccines
A
- contain altered pathogens that do not cause disease but are still infectious
- stimulates potent immunological responses that are accompanied by long term memory
- can be dangerous to immunocompromised
- must be refrigerated
9
Q
inactivated vaccines
A
- includes whole-agent and subunit vaccines
- safe for immunocompromised
- stable at room temp
- boosters are required to achieve full immunity
10
Q
whole-agent inactivated vaccines
A
- contain the entire pathogen
- inactivated by heat, chemicals, or radiation
11
Q
subunit vaccines
A
- inactivated
- do not include whole pathogens
- consist of purified antigens or parts of the infectious agent
- require adjuvants
12
Q
purified subunit vaccines
A
- inactivated subunit
- immunogenic portion of the pathogen
- can be harvested from a natural pathogen or purified from a genetically engineered expression system
13
Q
toxoid vaccines
A
- inactivated subunit
- purified and inactivated toxins
- ex. tetanus
14
Q
conjugate (or polysaccharide) vaccines
A
- inactivated
- polysaccharide antigens conjugated to a more immunogenic protein antigen
- ex. meningococcal vaccines, pneumococcal vaccines
15
Q
DNA vaccines
A
- new
- genes encoding highly immunogenic antigens are identified
- target genes are placed into a plasmid
- plasmid is injected into a human host
- human cells take up the plasmid and transcribe and translate the genes
- cells become antigen producers
- results in a humoral and a cellular immune response
