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Microbiology > Transmission of infectious disease > Flashcards

Transmission of infectious disease Flashcards

1
Q

host-microbe interactions

A
  • dynamic give and take between host and microbes
  • can range from benign to serious causing disease
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2
Q

human microbiota

A
  • mutualistic relationship
  • the microbial population associated with the human body
  • human provides nutrients
  • promotes immune system maturation
  • role of opportunistic pathogens; compete with bad pathogens for real estate; keep in check
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3
Q

tropism

A

preference for a specific host or tissue

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4
Q

dysbiosis

A
  • disruption of microbiota
  • ex. antibiotics can kill good bacteria as well
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5
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability of a microbe to cause disease

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6
Q

virulence

A

degree of extent of disease that a pathogen causes

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7
Q

virulence factors

A

ways pathogens overcome host defenses

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8
Q

ways to invade the immune system:

A
  • toxins
  • adhesion factors
  • nutrient acquisition
  • invasion strategies
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9
Q

attenuated

A

pathogen is still infectious but does not cause disease
- different for immunocompromised hosts
- attenuation is advantageous because virulence factors use energy to produce

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10
Q

infectious dose (ID50)

A

the number of bacterial cells or viral particles needed ti establish an infection in 50% of susceptible hosts

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11
Q

lethal dose (LD50)

A

the amount of toxin needed to kill 50% of untreated affected hosts

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12
Q

toxins

A
  • molecules that generate adverse host effects in a low concentration
  • can be tougher to destroy than the originating organism
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13
Q

toxigenic organisms

A

organisms that produce/generate toxins

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14
Q

toxemia

A

toxin in bloodstream

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15
Q

endotoxin

A
  • released by gram negative bacteria when the cell is destroyed
  • can lead to septic shock and death
  • not readily neutralized
  • no effective vaccines or therapies
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16
Q

exotoxins

A
  • toxic soluble proteins made by gram negative and gram positive bacteria
  • released by the cell into the envrionment
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17
Q

type 1 exotoxins

A
  • membrane acting
  • dont enter the host cells
18
Q

type 2 exotoxins

A
  • damage host membranes
  • creates holes in membranes that causes cell to leak and die
19
Q

type 3 exotoxins

A
  • intracellular AB toxins
  • binding portion B binds to plasma membrane
  • toxin enters cell by endocytosis
  • active portion A enters the host cell and exerts an effect
20
Q

five steps to infection

A
  1. pathogen enters host
  2. pathogen adheres to host tissues
  3. pathogen must invade tissues and obtain nutrients
  4. pathogen must evade host immune defenses in order to replicate
  5. pathogen must be transmitted to a new host
21
Q

portal of entry

A

anywhere you have an opening to the environment; a potential route of infection

22
Q

adhesins

A
  • allow pathogen to stick to surface of host cells (specifically or nonspecifically)
  • make ideal vaccine targets
23
Q

biofilms

A
  • bacteria growing as a community on a surface
  • 60-80% of human infections originate from them
  • from implanted devices
  • ex. dental plaques
  • often change in virulence factor expression
24
Q

quorum sensing

A

biofilms are able to communicate via molecular signals that help them become more virulent; can have an adverse reaction to the host

25
Q

invasins

A
  • allow pathogens to invade host tissues by breaking cell junctions or altering host cytoskeleton
  • often have a motility feature
26
Q

how to pathogen obtain nutrients

A

siderophores

27
Q

what are siderophores

A

iron binding complexes that find a human “lock-box” of iron and steal it for the bacterial cell for food and growth

28
Q

cytopathic effect

A

damage or kill host cells; not the cause of all damage

29
Q

how may pathogens hide from host defenses

A
  • there may be intracellular pathogens
  • latency (ability to survive inside a host)
  • antigen masking, mimicry, variation
30
Q

antigen masking

A

pathogen covers itself in host factors to avoid immune detection

31
Q

antigen mimicry

A

pathogens antigens resemble host molecules, helping it evade immune responses

32
Q

antigen variation

A

pathogen switches its antigens, thwarting the mounting immune response

33
Q

how may a pathogen undermine a host immune system

A
  • interfere with phagocytosis
  • immune suppression
34
Q

ways to interfere with phagocytosis

A
  • releasing toxins that kill phagocytes
  • avoiding phagocytosis with a capsule
  • blocking fusion of lysosome with phagosome
  • escaping phagosome and living in a phagocytic cell
  • adapting to harsh phagolysosome environment or neutralizing hydrolytic enzymes
35
Q

biosafety level (BSL)

A

categorized based on: level of infectivity, extent of disease caused and mortality rate, mode of transmission, availability of preventions/treatments for disease

36
Q

BSL 1 and 2

A
  • well characterized
  • rarely causes disease in healthy people
  • human body tissues or fluids
37
Q

BSL 3

A
  • serious or lethal human disease
  • often airborne, may be treatable
38
Q

BSL 4

A
  • “exotic” pathogens
  • extremely dangerous
39
Q

universal precautions

A

guidelines applied when dealing with patients suspected or known to have bloodborne pathogen
- originated with HIV epidemic

40
Q

standard precautions

A

all patients treated as potential source of bloodborne or other infectious agents

Microbiology (10 decks)

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