condensed essay plans 20thc war

Question 1

short term causes of ww1

Answer 1

unrest in the balkans:
austria’s conflicting nation
bosnian crisis (1908)
balkan wars (1912-13)

assassination of franz ferdinand (1914)

Question 2

long term causes of ww1

Answer 2

imperial rivalry
militarism
economic rivalry
alliances

Question 3

long term cause of ww1: imperial rivalry

Answer 3

great powers of AH, britain, france, russia and germany
scramble for africa
moroccan crisis
france and britain rivalry in NA over nile
russia and britain war over the north western frontier of india
alsace lorraine 1871
german ambition to expand, increasing contact with ottoman empire, threatening british plans for the middle east.

Question 4

long term cause of ww1: militarism

Answer 4

after 1870, almost all European powers increased their army size, detailed war plans and increased war sophistication
praise for military values
battleships and military parades

Question 5

long term cause of ww1: econ rivalry

Answer 5

introduction of tarriffs
desire for econ gain
british desire to control SA
Boer war 1899

Question 6

short term cause of ww1: austria’s conflicting nation

Answer 6

under habsburg emperor
lots of land lost during defeat by prussia in 1866
people became increasingly resentful so different nationalities too divided to form opposition
fear of russia demanding independence for these nationalities

Question 7

short term cause of ww1: bosnian crisis 1908

Answer 7

austria had occupied B+H since 1878
in 1908, russia and austria agreed on their absorbtion into austria.
in return, austria was to support russian demand to mov warships through the turkish straits
austria only followed their side of the deal. when russia tried to support serbian protestors, germany backed austria, encouraging them and humiliating russia into stepping down

Question 8

short term cause of ww1: balkan wars 1912-13

Answer 8

serbia was a threat to austria due to its expansion
in 1912, the balkan league aimed to drive the turks from europe.
the turkish empire distracted by internal revolution, and at war with italy over NA.
in oct 1912, the BL attacked the turks.
their rapid success made austria nervous.
treaty of london left some balkan states discontent.
bulgaria felt cheated, declares war and is defeated by serbia, greece, turkey and romania.
territorial changes: austria threatened by serbia
russia maintaining a good rel with serbia for balkan influence
serbia vs austria for creating albania
german support for austria.

Question 9

technological developments of ww1 and ww2

Answer 9

aircraft
communications
new developments

Question 10

aircraft in ww1

Answer 10

people were doubtful of new tech
back ground troops with artillery fire

Question 11

aircraft in ww2

Answer 11

battle of coral sea, pearl harbour
used to drop bombs and view enemy and fleet carriers
200km proximity fire vs 20km for boats
hard to train senior staff

Question 12

communications in ww1

Answer 12

trench runners
semaphore flags of 2 words a minute
some morse code
carrier pigeons (22,000 for british army)

Question 13

communications in ww2

Answer 13

code and encrypted messages
navajo speakers worked with US marines - japan never cracked the code
in 1939 japan started using a machine code that changed regualarly which the US copied in 1940

Question 14

new developments in tech in ww1

Answer 14

machine guns go from 600/min to 1200/min
tanks - first developed by british at the somme
submarines - u boats block enemies
without needing a huge submarine fleet

Question 15

new developments in tech in ww2

Answer 15

nuclear bombs
aug 6th 1945: hiroshima
80,000 dead instantly
50,000 die from complications
aug 9th 1945: nagasaki
30,000 dead instantly
50,000 die from complications

Question 16

ww1 at sea

Answer 16

sinking of luscitania in 1914 killing 128 american any germany
us instructs germany to restrict submarine warfare. but battle of jutland. then battle against the submarines.
in april 1918, a boat base at zeebrugge was blocked by britain. britain used their navy to maintain trade links with NA for war supplies and keepling link with france open and transport troops in the middle east.
naval warfare important but not conclusive/decisive

Question 17

ww1 in air

Answer 17

in 1914, planes used only for reconnaissance and observation eg monitoring movements in the schliffen plan
used for bombing in 1914-15, eg germany dropping bomb on liege
attempts to shoot down enemy planes
indiviual dogfights
zeppelin raids
guns and bombs on planes eg RAF
back ground troops with artillery fire
view enemy operations

Question 18

ww1 on land

Answer 18

different technology due to: (indus rev, modern sci, rev in transport, mass comms, patriotism)
-gas
-flamethrowers
-aricraft
-artillery
-machine guns
home effort (total war)
much more state control
involvement of women

Question 19

human mobilization of ww1

Answer 19

total war on home front
women enter industry for first time in enginering, arms, manufacturing, and transport
-land army
-russian womens battalions
conscription
censorship
propaganda
film on battlefront
group enlisting

Question 20

economic mobilization of ww1

Answer 20

orders of munitions
rationing
tax rise
naval blockades leading to food shortages

Question 21

human mobilization of ww2

Answer 21

rationing
propaganda (b-hope, us-hollywood vision, r-trad patriotism and russian values and defeat, g- admission of failure at stalingrad)
film of war and talkies
hitler youth
civilians seen as youth

Question 22

economic mobilization of ww2

Answer 22

growth of gov power:
-secret police
-strict censorship
-repression
-conscription

industry and state controls
-arms production and military supplies prioritised
-scarce gold reserves for war supplies not other imports

entry of usa gave allies large adv with resourves (1941)
german tiger tank superior to us sherman tank
-action taken to protect major cities

Question 23

long term causes of ww2

Answer 23

ww1
league mandates
washington naval conference
1920s economics
ultra nationalism

Question 24

ww2 long term cause: ww1

Answer 24

Japan supported the Allies in WW1
As other nations were more pressingly involved, Japan turned its sights on China
Foreign minister Kato Takaaki exerted Japanese influence over the Shantung Peninsula (and Tsingtao – a former German base)
He also forced China to accept most of the so-called 21 Demands in 1915- giving Japan special privileges in China
Thus, Japan made gains while the Europeans were distracted

Question 25

ww2 long term cause: league mandates

Answer 25

Japan gained some of Germany’s pre-war trading concessions in China Japan also received some German colonies as “mandates” from the League Japan’s efforts to get racial equality into the League’s covenant were quashed (most vocally by Australia) None of these concessions were near what Japan wanted/expected

Question 26

ww2 long term cause: washington naval conference

Answer 26

Held to avoid a naval arms race in 1921 Nine Power Treaty guaranteed Chinese sovereignty and equal trading access (Neths, Belg, Port, China and 5 below) Five Power Treaty saw limits on tonnage: UK 558,950 US 525,850 Japan 301,320 France 221,170 Italy 182,800 This didn’t seem too much of an issue in 1921, but…

Question 27

ww2 long term cause: 1920s economics

Answer 27

Japan had increased trade significantly during the war Japanese imperialism had helped boost access to raw materials and new markets But, when other nations demobilised, Japan faced renewed competition At the same time China increased tariffs on Japanese goods to try and grow its economy Thus, Japan’s economy was squeezed in the 1920s

Question 28

ww2 long term cause: ultra nationalism

Answer 28

The 1920s saw a growth in nationalism looking back to pre-Meiji Japan and the era of the Samurai Economic problems, particularly in the countryside, fed the growth of extreme nationalism Linked in with this was a strong anti-western sentiment After the Wall Street Crash, military leaders – using this ultra-nationalist ideology – urged renewed imperialism as the solution One such group was the Kōdōha or ’Imperial Way’ Faction They felt Japan was the natural leader of the Far East New Emperor Showa (Hirohito) in 1926, initially supported the “westernized” government, though nationalists generally supported the monarchy

Question 29

short term causes of ww2:

Answer 29

deficit financing imperalism and failure of the league sino-japanese war alliances pearl harbour

Question 30

short term causes of ww2: deficit financing

Answer 30

During the Great Depression, Japan moved to huge deficit spending on the military This created two things: Massive debt A huge armed forces

Question 31

short term causes of ww2: imperialism and the failure of the league

Answer 31

Invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and installation of a puppet regime in 1932 The Lytton Report condemned the occupation (at least partly), so Japan withdrew from the League The Amau Doctrine then stated China was in Japan’s sphere of influence (like the Monroe Doctrine for the US in the Americas) America had a significant Asian empire via the Philippines - as well as Pacific outposts like Guam and Hawaii (all dating back to 1898) America had also argued against imperialism in China – advocating an “open door” policy

Question 32

short term causes of ww2: the second sino japanese war

Answer 32

With the military in almost complete control, more concessions were asked of China In 1937 a full-scale war started and within two years most of the key port cities were under Japanese control Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek formed an uneasy alliance with the Communists to unite against the Japanese This was an expensive and difficult war for Japan – they relied heavily on the US for oil It also threatened western – especially US – interests in the region

Question 33

short term causes of ww2: alliances

Answer 33

The Tripartite Pact of 1940 saw Japan join a non-aggression treaty with Germany and Italy With the defeat of France, the Japanese looked to push south – following a “south programme” of strategic expansion In April 1941, Japan signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviets In a sense, Japan had a free hand in Southeast Asia

Question 34

short term causes of ww2: pearl harbour

Answer 34

Learning that the Japanese were planning further expansion, while negotiating with the US, FDR launched a trade embargo in July 1941 that decimated Japanese oil supplies Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto reckoned that a quick war with the US was the only one they could win A three-pronged attack would take Guam and Wake, the Philippines, and then bomb the US fleet at Pearl Harbor Huge but not decisive damage was done on 7 December 1941 On December 8, the US declared war on Japan - making the Asian wars part of the wider “world” war

Question 35

economic causes of ww1:

Answer 35

germany: desire for imperial expansion and economic growth wanted new markets in eastern europe russia & balkans: lenin views war as result of capitalism and imperialism britain: france nearly at war over NA russia rivals over north west frontier of india

Question 36

territorial causes of ww1:

Answer 36

austria: resisting any south slav threat to its balkan territories. invasion of serbia germany: gain of alsace lorraine want to expand into eastern europe italy: gain italian speaking areas held by austria japan: motives in china and acquisiton of german colonies in pacific

Question 37

political causes of ww1

Answer 37

germany: concern with rise of socalism disrupting balance of power international prestige britian: political problems wanted to look supportive in front of allies desire for balance of power france: increased nationalist policies desired regain of alsace lorraine austria: feared pol. effects if it did not fight strongly with serbia.

Question 38

economic cause of ww2:

Answer 38

1920s economics deficit financing imperalism and failure of the league

Question 39

political causes of ww2

Answer 39

washington naval conference pearl harbour failure of the LoN

Question 40

territorial causes of ww2

Answer 40

league mandates sino japanese war alliances

Question 41

economic cause of ww2: 1920s economics

Answer 41

Japan had increased trade significantly during the war Japanese imperialism had helped boost access to raw materials and new markets But, when other nations demobilised, Japan faced renewed competition At the same time China increased tariffs on Japanese goods to try and grow its economy Thus, Japan’s economy was squeezed in the 1920s

Question 42

economic cause of ww2: deficit financing

Answer 42

During the Great Depression, Japan moved to huge deficit spending on the military This created two things: Massive debt A huge armed forces

Question 43

economic cause of ww2: imperialism

Answer 43

Invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and installation of a puppet regime in 1932 The Lytton Report condemned the occupation (at least partly), so Japan withdrew from the League The Amau Doctrine then stated China was in Japan’s sphere of influence (like the Monroe Doctrine for the US in the Americas) America had a significant Asian empire via the Philippines - as well as Pacific outposts like Guam and Hawaii (all dating back to 1898)

Question 44

political cause of ww2: washington naval conference

Answer 44

Held to avoid a naval arms race in 1921 Nine Power Treaty guaranteed Chinese sovereignty and equal trading access (Neths, Belg, Port, China and 5 below) Five Power Treaty saw limits on tonnage: UK 558,950 US 525,850 Japan 301,320 France 221,170 Italy 182,800 This didn’t seem too much of an issue in 1921, but…

Question 45

political cause of ww2: pearl harbour

Answer 45

Learning that the Japanese were planning further expansion, while negotiating with the US, FDR launched a trade embargo in July 1941 that decimated Japanese oil supplies Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto reckoned that a quick war with the US was the only one they could win A three-pronged attack would take Guam and Wake, the Philippines, and then bomb the US fleet at Pearl Harbor Huge but not decisive damage was done on 7 December 1941 On December 8, the US declared war on Japan - making the Asian wars part of the wider “world” war

Question 46

territorial cause of ww2: failure of the LoN

Answer 46

open door policy greater east asia co prosperity sphere japan and china left to it

Question 47

territorial cause of ww2: sino japanese war

Answer 47

With the military in almost complete control, more concessions were asked of China In 1937 a full-scale war started and within two years most of the key port cities were under Japanese control Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek formed an uneasy alliance with the Communists to unite against the Japanese This was an expensive and difficult war for Japan – they relied heavily on the US for oil It also threatened western – especially US – interests in the region

Question 48

territorial cause of ww2: alliances

Answer 48

The Tripartite Pact of 1940 saw Japan join a non-aggression treaty with Germany and Italy With the defeat of France, the Japanese looked to push south – following a “south programme” of strategic expansion In April 1941, Japan signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviets In a sense, Japan had a free hand in Southeast Asia

Question 49

influence/involvment of foreign powers: ww1

Answer 49

britain and belgium usa italy

Question 50

influence/involvment of foreign powers: ww1: britian and belgium

Answer 50

treaty of london 1839 international recognition for newly formed state of belgium so in 1914 britian declares war in defence of belgiums neutrality after germany refuses the ultimateium to retreat from belfium on the 3rd august 1914

Question 51

influence/involvment of foreign powers: ww1: usa

Answer 51

luscitania gives war supplies and horsepower to britian british an american generals developed plan to invade europe through italy

Question 52

influence/involvment of foreign powers: ww1: italy

Answer 52

"switches sides" in ww1 in 1915 hoping for national independence friendly towards britsih so had a get out clause in agreeement with germany britain offers them austrian land if they declare war on austria

Question 53

successes and failures of peacemaking: ww1

Answer 53

successes losses other

Question 54

successes and failures of peacemaking: ww1: successes

Answer 54

poland (independence) federation for southern slavs turkey modernised italy gained most land it had been promised austria hungary independence

Question 55

successes and failures of peacemaking: ww1: losses

Answer 55

germany in tov russia lost land and was isolated

Question 56

successes and failures of peacemaking: ww1: other

Answer 56

more womens voting rights trade unions league of nations abdication of kaiser russian rev

Question 57

successes and failures of peacemaking: ww2

Answer 57

chinese civil war & china regained manchuria macarthur potsdam declaration

Question 58

territorial changes: ww1

Answer 58

germany's losses independences negotiated gains

Question 59

territorial changes: ww1: germanys losses

Answer 59

france regains alsace lorraine polish independence

Question 60

territorial changes: ww1: independecnes

Answer 60

czech statae for southern slavs

Question 61

territorial changes: ww1: negotiated gains

Answer 61

italy gains most of the land it was promised turkey becomes modernised

Question 62

territorial changes: ww2

Answer 62

japan returned to pre 1894 territory and stripped of pre war empire independences usa

Question 63

territorial changes: ww2: japan returned to pre 1894 territory and stripped of pre war empire

Answer 63

no korea no taiwan all islands lost that were gained through island hopping

Question 64

territorial changes: ww2: independences

Answer 64

india from gb indonesia from the netherlands philippines from the usa

Question 65

territorial changes: ww2: usa

Answer 65

trust territroy of the pacific islands in micronesia guam a civil territory lost philippines

Question 66

political repercussions: ww1

Answer 66

governments peace treaties other

Question 67

political reperucssions: ww1: government

Answer 67

british PM forced to resign in 1916 russian revolution german kaiser abdication instability of french 3rd republic

Question 68

political repurcussions: ww1: peace treaties

Answer 68

armistice of nov 1918 treaty of versailles

Question 69

poltical repercussions: ww1: other

Answer 69

anglo-japanese treaty locarno pact 1925 kellogg briand pact 1928 international disarmament conference little entente

Question 70

political repurcussions: ww2

Answer 70

potsdam declaration macarthur and the meiji constitution usa politics

Question 71

political repurcussions: ww2: usa politics

Answer 71

truman to mobilise --> significant inflation divisions in democratic party --> southern conservatives blocked efforts to extend the new deal numerous strikes for wage increases - truman alienated labour popularity sank to 32% but truman could win over a conservative congress huge upset victory in 1948

Question 72

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww1

Answer 72

change in ideas organisations after the war

Question 73

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww1: change of ideas

Answer 73

women as housewives some women in textiles industry more women needed after conscription nursing becomes more proffessionalised

Question 74

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww1: organisations

Answer 74

WAAC WRNS WRAF

Question 75

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww1: after

Answer 75

950,000 in munitions women have lower wages but men are still preferably employed 40% of the female workforce are married

Question 76

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww2

Answer 76

japan usa

Question 77

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww2: japan

Answer 77

female subservience men in control nursing/economising --> pre - marriage jobs, nurse corps to free up men propoganda and geishas

Question 78

econ, social and demographic impact: women: ww2: usa

Answer 78

victorian womanhood suffrage post ww1 depresssion lowered female workforce WAC's WAVES the riveter propoganda

Question 79

influence/involvement of foreign powers: ww2

Answer 79

japan usa

Question 80

influence/involvement of foreign powers: ww2: japan

Answer 80

sino - japanese war (much of army committed to another war) open door polciy allowed japan to control china (greater east asia co prosperity sphere) operation watchtower washington conference limits

Question 81

washington naval treaty limits on tonnage

Answer 81

UK 558,950 US 525,850 Japan 301,320 France 221,170 Italy 182,800

Question 82

influence/involvement of foreign powers: ww2: usa

Answer 82

central japan - nimitz. southwest - macarthur rest of europe uninterested in east asia so had the upper hand usa island hopping made gaining territory and setting up naval bases and transportation hard

Question 83

operation watchtower

Answer 83

16,000 americans troops land at guadalcanal airfield under american control japanese could not be 'removed'. 247/250 die rather tan surrender as POW's.