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IB History SL > condensed essay plans final > Flashcards

condensed essay plans final Flashcards

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1
Q

lira was worth how much of its 1913 value in 1920

A

1/6

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2
Q

economic conditions

A

war
social discontent
agricultural problems

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3
Q

briefly describe the 1948 arab israeli war

A

egypt held out for nearly 10 months in al-faluja but in march 1919 an armistice was agreed
it was good for nasser and humiliating for the old egypt
11,000 casulties

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4
Q

how many strikes were there in 1920 italy

A

1663

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5
Q

how many prime ministers killed ibetween 1948 and 1950 in egypt

A

2

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6
Q

free officers 6 point plan announced at 1952 coup

A

included to end colonialism, feudalism, to have equality and have a powerful army

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7
Q

agricutural problems in italy

A

bad harvests of 1919 and 1920. rise in socialist support. land on large estates forcibly occupied by returning soldiers

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8
Q

fewer than 6% landowners owend how much of cultivateable land in egypt

A

65%

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9
Q

life in nassers egypt agriculturally

A

rural poverty or urban slums

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10
Q

weaknesses of political system

A

egyptian colonialism and italian liberalism
political instability
coup vs bienno rosso

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11
Q

egyptian colonialism

A

british troops fired on auxilary ppolicce they suspected of supporting suez liberation
41 killed
lead to black Saturday 25th Jan 1952, attacks and looting
king couldn’t appoint a pm until nasser

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12
Q

italian liberalism

A

count build an empire with liberalism
politics monopolised by a small, powerful elite

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13
Q

political instability in italy

A

1919-1921 elections
fiume crisis 1919
strikes due to fear of socialism

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14
Q

fiume crisis 1919

A

d’annuzio and 2000 followers occupy fiume for a year
great public support - gov scared to give orders to end the seizure incasea the army refused
ended with a compromise with Yugoslavia and Italian military action

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15
Q

bienno rosso

A

fear of socialism
1663 strikes in 1920
inflation etc

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16
Q

coup in 1952 egypt

A

toppling of king farouk in a coup d’etat by free officers
23rd july 1952
free officers wanted to strike before king cracked down on them. occupied comms in Cairo on eve of 22nd july 1952
relatively bloodless coup

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17
Q

Impact of war for Mussolini and Nasser? Nasas nationalism and fascist glorification of all.

A

human cost
economic cost
nationalism

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18
Q

fasist glorification of war

A

Italy had attacked neutral Italy in 1940, so WW2 increased nationalism.
Romanita.
Using the country’s collective memory to his advantage. Il duce meant leader in latin. roman salute. fasicst architecture reminiscent of ancient Rome.

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19
Q

nasser’s nationalism

A

british troops fired on auxilary ppolicce they suspected of supporting suez liberation
41 killed
lead to black Saturday 25th Jan 1952, attacks and looting
king couldn’t appoint a pm until nasser

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20
Q

human cost arab israli war 1948

A

egypt held out for nearly 10 months in al-faluja but in march 1919 an armistice was agreed
it was good for nasser and humiliating for the old egypt
11,000 casulties

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21
Q

human cost of ww1

A

humilation from caparetto
1.5 million casulties

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22
Q

economic cost of ww1

A

demobilisation of over 4 million troops led to unemployment figure of 2 million
lira worth 1/6 of its 1913 value in 1920

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23
Q

economic cost of 1948 arab isralei war

A

Total cost $3.4 billion. roads and bridges destroyed. Already had a track fragile economy from colonialism and under investment. war required lots of investment. Lots of investment mobilizing troops, arms and ammunition. Suez War closed during war. It disrupted trade of supplies.

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24
Q

idealogy

A

anti british, anti zionist vs autarky, romanita
not much idealogy for nasser (panafricanism/arbaism) and more so fo rmussolini, change in his ideas
nationalism, imperalism, alliances

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25
anti zionist means
hte belief that jews are a distinct national group. Zionism argue the historical connection
26
nasser and anti zionism
saw zionism as form of colonialism though it was a threat to middle east stability anglo egyptian treaty 1954
27
angloe gyptiant reaty 1954
anthony nutting and nasser. gb agreed to: withdraw from canal zone within 2 years abandon connections with existing farouk and egyptian monarchists accept right of sudan to independence from gb and egypt
28
mussolini change in ideas
early on was left and became very right. action and mood not doctrine cult of il duce strong, decisive leadership
29
nasser idealogy
didnt have a lot. land distribution one fo first acts.
30
bernardi quote about mussolini
fascism had trends that "flowed naturally from imperial policies"
31
nationalism imperilaism alliances mussolini
romanita rome berlina xis mutual support fo rpoltiical and territorial ambitions
32
nationalism imperialism alliances nasser
anglo egyptian treaty 1956 in a way anc. egypt
33
use of force
coups andmarch on rome secret violent oppression official oppression
34
coups nasser
toppling of king farouk ina coup d'etat by free officers 23rd july 1952 free officers wanted to strike before king cracked down on them. occupied comms in Cairo on eve of 22 july 1952 in relatively bloodless coup
35
march on rome
fascists mobilised 30,000 poorly armed squadrisiti for march on rome facta takeover
36
secret violent oppression by mussolini
violence ovra suppressed dissent and used torture, imprisonment, assassination
37
secret violent oppression nasser
general intelligence directoreate brutal tactics, torture, killings suppressed, academics. activists
38
official oppression mussolini
blackshirts. violent attaks against political opponents and threats to regime. suppressing protests matteotti crisis he protested against fasicm and Mussolini and denounced the violence they used to get votes was killed 11 days later
39
official oppression nasser
free officers assassination attempt october 26 1954 ended mus brotherhood publicly after assassinations attempt negib under house arrest
40
propaganda for nasser and mussolini
none for nasser, lots for mussolini (journalism, speech making) mussolini blackshirts,
41
blackshirts
violent attacks against politiclal opponents and threats to regime suppressing protests romanita
42
charismatic leadership for nasser, speeches
nasser at assination "I will live and die for your sake, for your freedom, and honour" banned muslim brotherhood utilised unity to ban all opposition and other political parties threat of revolution so gov relied on army which nasser left ot itself radio broadcast across egypt and wider middle east speeches criticised imperialism and opposing leaders appealed to people directly nation with strong literary tradiiton tv well established film industry class struggle etc "Philsoophy of the revolution" 1955 british ambassador said it reflected a breadth of viison, humanity and idealism
43
what does mussolini say in 1944 about his dictatorship
"I have not in fact been a dictator, because my power was no more than the will of the italian people."
44
charasmatic leadership for mussolini, rallies
balance between the ras and the elites, (radicaism vs moderates) could be lef or right, monarchist and republican, catholic and anti clerical, socialist and capitalist. march on rome fasicts mobilised 30,000 poorly armed squadristi members for htemarch on rome takeover of facta
45
poltiical repression of nasser in charasmatic leadership
muslim brotherhood banned all politial parties unde runity seizure ofpower, negibs banishment
46
poltiicla repression of nasser in charasmatic leadership
acerbo law one party state 1926 black shirts
47
cult of mussolini and propaganda
cult of mussolini pictures on n otebooks censorship by ministry of pop culture, in 1930 all books containing marxist, socalist, anarchist ideas were banned. statures
48
dissemination of propaganda
radio/tv censorship and poltiical repression posters, paramilitaries
49
radio/tv nasser propaganda
..
50
radio/tv mussolini propaganda
in 1926, fascist gov only owned 10% of newspapers radio 1924 film agency biographies, films
51
what did david mack smith say about mussolini
he had a "stupendous poseur"
52
censhorship and political repression
muslim brotherhood banned all political parties under'unity'
53
censorship and poltiical repression mussolini
acerbo law one party state 1926 black shirts
54
posters, paramilitaries
see propaganda?
55
nature, extent and treatment of opposition
matteotti crisi, muslim brotherhood political repression religion and monarchy for mussolini whilst nasser had fewer
56
justice and liberty
socalists dropped 400,000 anti fascist leaflets primarily in milan and rome the two roselli brothers were killed in 1937 by the government
57
political repression / legal methods mussolini
one party state by 1926 acerbo law OVRA
58
when does the pope order catholics not to vote
1874
59
when are catholics allowed to vote again to stop socialism
1904
60
when was the lateran pact
1929
61
what was included in the lateran pact
angered anti fascists/anti clerical fascists recognised catholicism as sole state region vativan recieved compensation - 750 mil lire in cash and $1000 mil lire in gov bonds
62
monarhy in italy
king emmanuel II initally cautious after appointing mussolini disapproving in late 1930s arrested in 1943
63
philosophy of the revolution 1955
GB: reflected a breadth of viison, humanity and idealism US : selfless and icily intelligent
64
6 principles of the revolution 1955
anti colonialism anti feudalism anti corruption social justice strong, national army clean democracy not the game of democracy
65
egyptian armty hoped to defend from israel. the west refused aid so they turned to
russia
66
successes and failures of foreign policy
abyssinia and suez canal anglo egyptian treaty and locarno pact non aligned movement (fail) vs rome berlin axis 1946
67
when was the invasion of abyssinia
july 1956
68
suez crisis
nasser nationalises suez canal (owened by gb and france) challenge to western powers and sparked military interests air and naval attacks - international community called for immediate ceasefire gb, france withdraw. u.n. establisehs a peacekeeping force in the region
69
inasion of albania
publicity stybt little resistance increased popularity not big effect on their territorial/military position
70
italy and ww2
joined 10 months later (stuck between desire to become pals with germany and being unready for war) not good outcome - rationing, wages fell, in march 1923, 80,000 workers striked
71
how many workers striked in march 1923 italy
80,000
72
pacts made by italy
locarno rhineland: guarantee of germany's borders with the rhinleand eastern pact: commitment to peaceful resolution of disputes between germany and eastern neighbours, but didnt precent anything
73
non aligned movement (fail) nasser
nasser failed ot stick to this (1956) - it was the idea that african countries do not follow socialism and capitalism. nasser got financial aid from ussr and czechoslovakia to ocnstruct aswan high dam
74
rome berlin axis 1936
non aggression failure really as broke down in ww2
75
economic policies for nasser and mussolini
land industrialization expansion/international
76
land economic policies for nasser
land reforms limiting land ownership redistribution price controls education and technological assistance
77
land economic policies for Mussolini
battle for grain (1925) make italy self sufficent in wheat productin (autarky) tarrifs raised and government provided financial incentives ot switch production from other copy. frain imports fell by 75% 1923-25
78
what did martin clark say about mussolini in1984
mussolini wheat policy made little economic sense. but then it was not an economc policy, it was politics and propaganda, like everything he did.
79
what did hite and hinton say about mussolini's 3 economic aims
consolidate his political system and authority move towards autarky provide a foundation for expansion but instead inherited: few/raw materials n/s divide low literacy tradition of industrial banking state
80
economic policies industrialisation mussolini
battle for lira (1926) deflation from great depression and rising prices and increasing import levels was 154l to the pound now 90l to the pound
81
economic policies industrialisation nasser
invested in construction of aswan high dam, for necessary energy and water for industrialisation centralised economic planning system to coordinate economic activities and ad allocate resoures efficently
82
expansion/international for economic policies mussolini
great depression IRI helped to mitigate the worst effects of the great dep. unemployment to over 2 million by 1933
83
social policies women
1956, egypt passes law prioritising discrimination based on gender more women in technical and professional positions restrictons on what women could wear veil restricted political groups (independent feminist organisations dissolved family planning women got the vote
84
social policies women mussolini
1933: state limited state jobs to 10% for women mid 1920s women excluded from certain jobs personal life stuff 1925, women given the vote in local elections, 1926, local elections abolished
85
social policies minorities nasser
limited activities of social political groups torture tactics eg. gov used violence against muslim brotherhood 50,000 nubians displaced by construction of aswan high dam bobes/amazigh excluded from arab national vision
86
social policies minorities mussolini
anti semitism fits with general nationalistic aim and imperial expansion and romanita up to 1936, no anti semitism policies july 1938 charter for race excluded jewish children and teachers from schools, banned marriages, owning estates, some senior fascists were unhappy with this
87
education social policies mussolini
censorship 15% women at uni in 1938 (6% in 1914)
88
education social policies nasser
25% students were women censorship
89
impact of policies on women, education, mussolini
10% limit on employment for women 1914, 6% women in he, in 1938 it was 15%
90
impact of policies on women, educaiton, nasser
family planning 25% of people in HE were women
91
impact of policies on women, idealogy, nasser
1956 egypt passes law prohibiting discrimination based on gender more women in tehcnical and professional positions restrictions on what women coul dwear, veil
92
impact of policies on women,idealogy, mussolini
stay at home personal life short, sturdy no makeup or cosmetics
93
impact of policies on women, legal methods, nasser
restricted political groups, independent feminist organisations dissolved women got the vote in 1956
94
impact of policies on women, legal methods, mussolini
??
95
Authoritarian control and extent it was achieved
nasser more so, nasser recalled, mussolini killed politically, psi/ppi vs muslim brotherhood chruch and monarchy vs nothing
96
nasser recalling
nasser resigns in june 1967, due to egyptian army's defeat in 6 day war on june 5th 1967) the day after he was recalled, died of a heart attack 1970
97
mussolini killing
1943: mussolini overthrown and imprisoned by his former colleagues n the fascist gov. mussolini looking for a way out of power at this time grand council passed to give more power to the king after mussolini's 20 min meeting with the king, he was told general badoglio gaining pm powers. on way out, mussolini was arrested no widespread sackings so most were not fascist in the 1920s mainly in army leadership and civil service relaised that membership was a good way to get promoted. both largely loyal to the duce in order to advance. dozens of judges jailed for failing to support fasicsts in court cases. no trial, mussolini gave his own sentences
98
muslim brotherhood and authoritarian control
muslim brotherhood underground by 1954 mukbahrat 10,000
99
mussolini authoritarin control politically
OVRA infiltrated social organisations not massively useful blackshirt violence
100
church and monarchy vs nothing
1929 agreement between the church and mussolini pope gives public support to mussolini £1000 million compensation and recog of vatican city

IB History SL (14 decks)

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