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Theriogenology FROM K > Conditions of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Conditions of Pregnancy Flashcards

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1
Q

fetal vs maternal origin of issues

A

Fetal origin
-Fetal abnormalities
-Fetal death
-Too many

Maternal origin
-Viral infections
-Ascending bacterial infection
-Placental problems
-Uterine issues
-Hormonal causes

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2
Q

Etiology/pathophysiology of fetal mummification (7)

A

-Fetal death and
-Absorption of the fluids
-Fetal retention
-Retention of CL
-Closed (tight) cervix
-No ascending bacterial invasion
-STERILE

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3
Q

Is fetal mummification common in cows?

A

no its sporadic

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of fetal mummification in cows?

A

BVDV infection

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5
Q

What are some factors that may contribute to fetal mummification in mares?

A

Twinning and progesterone (P4) supplementation

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6
Q

What viral infection is associated with fetal mummification in sows?

A

parvovirus

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7
Q

pathogenesis of fetal mummification

A

-Abortion Diseases
-3‐5% rate following PGF2a to induce abortion due to failure of complete luteolysis
-Genetic Factors; Chromosomal abnormalities resulting in fetal death, but CL remains
-In P4 supplementation; mimic the CL so dead fetus stays in uterus

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8
Q

clinical signs of fetal mummification

A

-Not as big as expected for stage
-Lack of udder development
-Ultrasound – fetus and absence of fluid
-Absence of parturition as expected; bc fetus isnt alive to trigger reflex response

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9
Q

Fetal Mummification treatment and prognosis

A

Treatment
-PGF2a to induce luteolysis – cervix will open ‐ expel fetus
-Two doses often required
-Incomplete cervical relaxation can occur (Topical PGE2 may help)

Prognosis
-Good for cow’s future fertility

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10
Q

fetal maceration pathogenesis steps

A

Fetal death –> Relaxation of the cervix –> Bacterial invasion –> Retained CL –> Emphysema in 24‐48hrs (air filled uterus/fetus) –> Maceration by 4 days (“wasting away”)

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11
Q

what is fetal maceration

A

Decomposition of soft tissues and placenta in a septic environment leaving bones

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12
Q

clinical signs of fetal maceration

A

-Thick uterine wall
-Bones
-Bones embedded in wall

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13
Q

clinical signs of Emphysematous fetus

A

-Distended, swollen and crepitus fetus
-Fetid (foul) uterine discharge
-Fever, anorexia, decreased milk production

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14
Q

treatment of Fetal emphysema

A

-PGF2α to induce luteolysis
-Fetal extraction if the cervix is open
-Treat metritis; Systemic antibiotics, anti‐inflammatories, fluid therapy

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15
Q

treatment of Maceration:

A

-Estrogen or topical PGE to dilate cervix
-Manual bone extraction (use lots of lubricant in the uterus)
-Surgical removal
-Poor prognosis for future fertility

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16
Q

difference in incidence in mummification vs maceration

A

sporadic in both

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17
Q

difference in pathogenesis in mummification vs maceration

A

sterile in mummification, septic in maceration

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18
Q

difference in clinical signs in mummification vs maceration

A

Mummification; Fail to calve; anestrus

Maceration; Fail to calve; anestrus
+/‐Sick animal

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19
Q

difference in fetus in mummification vs maceration

A

Mummification; Dry
Maceration; Emphysematous;
Maceration

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20
Q

difference in treatment in mummification vs maceration

A

Mummification; PGF2α
Maceration; PGF2α, Removal of fetus, Removal of bones

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21
Q

difference in prognosis in mummification vs maceration

A

Mummification; good
Maceration; poor

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22
Q

what is a hydropic condition

A

-Excessive accumulation of placental fluids

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23
Q

origin of fluid accumulation

A

-Amniotic
-Allantoic
-Both

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24
Q

what is hydroallantois ? what is it caused by?

A

-Abnormal fluid accumulation in the allantois due to abnormal placentation or a diseased uterus

-Caused by functional or structural changes that lead to excessive fluid production
-Can be associated with decreased numbers of placentomes in cows

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25
Hydroallantois – clinical signs
-Rapid abdominal enlargement; Up to 150‐250 Litres -Round shaped abdomen Clinical signs depend on severity: -Anorexia, weakness, reluctance to move, dyspnea, recumbancy
26
what do you feel on rectal exam when there is hydroallantois
-Rectal exam; very large, distended uterus – fetus and placentomes are NOT palpable
27
what is Hydroamnion
-Due to abnormal fetus that cannot swallow or process amniotic fluid, so there is GRADUAL increase in amniotic fluid during last trimester
28
is hydroamnion common
not really
29
what do you feel on abdominal palpation with hydroamnion
Rectal exam ‐ Fetus and placentomes ARE palpable
30
differences in etiology in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion
hydroallantois; placental hydroamnion; fetal
31
differences in incidence in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion
hydroallantois; 90% hydroamnion; 10%
32
differences in clinical signs in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion
hydroallantois; Rapid, Round, Not palpable, Watery/ clear hydroamnion; Slow, Pear, Palpable, viscous
33
differences in placenta in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion
hydroallantois; abnormal hydroamnion; normal
34
differences in fetus in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion
hydroallantois; normal hydroamnion; abnormal
35
differences in prognosis in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion
hydroallantois; poor hydroamnion; good (cow)
36
differences in complications in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion
hydroallantois; RFM, Metritis hydroamnion; RFM, Metritis
37
Hydrops in Cows ‐ Treatment considerations
-Severity -Recurrence possible if uterine/placental (hydroallantois) -Possible genetic causes if fetal -Euthanasia if severe -If not severe – induce parturition to save cow
38
causes of hydrops in the mare
-Placentitis -Fetal abnormality -Leptospirosis -Uterine /placental insufficiency -Twins -Genetic – recently identified RTL1 gene expression variant (paternal in origin) – leads to decreased #s placental capillaries
39
what to do in case of hydrops in the mare and what to be aware of
-Terminate pregnancy to save mare prior to abdominal wall /PPT rupture -Beware of potential for Acute Shock in mares due to rapid loss of fluids and circulatory volume
40
process of Slow drainage of hydrops in mares
-use of a trochar thru cervix; puncture membranes and drain thru tubing -drainage can take 2-4h -monitor mares HR for signs of shock -extract fetus (malposition is common)
41
outcome of hydrops in mare and considerations
-Outcome is usually poor as most mares have ruptured the body wall or prepubic tendon as a result of rapid abdominal wall enlargement -Often don’t know until the edema/swelling goes down weeks later -No future breeding potential -If mare survives, consider RTL1 gene as potential cause – do not rebreed to same stallion
42
predisposing causes of Rupture of Prepubic Tendon and/ or Abdominal Wall
-Draft mares (here at OVC = STB mares) -Hydrops -Twins -Uterine Torsion - ? Genetics
43
treatment of Suspected Cases of Abdominal Wall Hernia or PPT Rupture
-If at term and fetus is mature: induce parturition‐ be prepared to assist! If not: -Belly wrap -Pain management -Restrict exercise -Monitor Calcium/Na/K/pH of milk -And induce parturition when fetus is mature
44
clinical signs of prepubic tendon rupture + diagnosis
-Reluctance to walk -Painful -Stretched out stance -Ventral edema -Blood in milk -Lordosis -Udder pulled cranially -Confirm diagnosis by ultrasound
45
Prognosis for PPT Rupture or Hernias
-Poor for future foalings/calvings -Surgical repair possible but difficult ~~Mesh repair ~~Complications – infection, failure -Embryo Transfer Donor -Pasture Pet -Euthanasia esp. in cases of PPT Rupture
46
why does uterine torsion present so differently in horses vs cows
Differences in anatomy (attachment of broad ligaments) plus fetal positioning in mid‐ to late gestation
47
Broad Ligament Anatomy of the cow
-Broad ligaments attached caudally -cervix is mobile
48
Broad Ligament Anatomy of the mare
-Broad Ligament attaches dorsally -cervix isnt mobile
49
where does torsion usually happen in mares
Torsion usually happens cranial to cervix
50
clinical signs of uterine torsion in cows
-Late gestation / during parturition -Dystocia -Failure to progress at parturition -Sometimes –dystocia, fetus upside‐down
51
clinical signs of uterine torsion in mares
-Mid to late gestation -Colic signs ~~Intermittent and mild ~~Severe (>270̊ torsion)
52
diagnosis of uterine torsion in cows
-Clinical sign – failure to progress during parturition -Rectal palpation– rotation of uterus and broad ligament -Vaginal exam – twist in the anterior vagina – cervix is included in torsion
53
diagnosis of uterine torsion in mares
-Colic signs but not attributable to GIT -Rectal examination (broad ligaments crossing and taught) -Vaginal examination NOT usually helpful
54
treatment options for uterine torsion in cows + risks
1. Detorsion of the fetus per vagina -Use in Cows only (typically at term, cervix partially dilated) -Per vaginum using detorsion bar and calving chains to “roll” fetus over to de‐torse the uterus -Risk that cervix will not dilate and fetus dies -Risk of limb fracture to calf 2. Roll the cow 3. C-section (flank laparotomy)
55
Uterine Torsion Treatment of the Mare
1. Surgery -Standing flank laparotomy to detorse the uterus (cut on same side toward which the torsion occurs) 2. Rolling the mare -Requires general anesthetic -Risk of uterine rupture
56
difference in incidence of uterine torsion in cow vs mare
cow; sporadic mare; sporadic
57
difference in time of uterine torsion in cow vs mare
cow; late pregnancy mare; mid gestation
58
difference in clinical signs of uterine torsion in cow vs mare
cow; Twist of broad ligament, Vaginal Exam mare; Twist of broad ligament, Rectal palpation
59
difference in diagnosis of uterine torsion in cow vs mare
cow; 1. Per vagina detorsion, 2. Roll cow, 3. C‐section mare; 1.Surgery, 2. Post op progesterone, 3. Flunixin
60
difference in treatment of uterine torsion in cow vs mare
cow; mare;
61
most common cause of placentitis in the mare
-Most often ascending bacterial infection via cervix; E. Coli, Strep. zoo
62
causes of placentitis
-Bacterial infection -Simple cervix -Longitudinal folds -Poor perineal conformation -Previous history of placentitis
63
what is placentitis
Inflammation and infection of the placenta
64
what would be a hematogenous cause of placentitis in the mare
Leptospirosis
65
clinical signs of placentitis in the mare
-Vaginal Discharge +/‐ -Premature lactation -Significance of premature lactation -->Fetus is stressed! -->Indicates impending abortion (from any cause) -NO fever or other systemic signs
66
diagnosis of Ascending Placentitis
-Clinical signs -Transrectal ultrasound exam -Measure: Combined Thickness of the Uterus and Placenta (CTUP) -Inflammatory markers -CBC usually normal
67
what is Nocardioform Placentitis
-Bacterial organism Crossiela equi or Amycolatopsis -Gram positive branching bacilli -Amycolatopsis cases have a better live foal rate
68
what does Nocardioform Placentitis cause
-Cause thick mucopurulent exudate accumulation -Characteristic lesions at the base of the horns of the uterus or in the body of the uterus
69
seasonal effect of Nocardioform Placentitis
-Hot, dry August and September are statistically associated with an increased incidence of the disease in the following winter and spring
70
Placentitis Treatment (4)
1. Broad Spectrum Combination of Antibiotics that cross placenta well -Penicillin and Gentamicin; or TMS -Doxycycline for Nocardioform placentitis 2. Anti‐inflammatories -Flunixin meglumine or Firocoxib or Aspirin 3. Pentoxifylline -Promotes blood flow -Reduces inflammatory cytokine production 4. Progesterone Supplementation
71
prognosis for placentitis
-Guarded to Poor -Foals born alive are often septic
72
etiology of vaginal prolapse (6)
-Inherited (conformational factors) -Pluriparous and fat cows -Cause is high estrogen of late pregnancy -Edema of vagina -Prolapse of swollen tissues of vaginal floor -Increased abdominal pressure during recumbency; leads to external prolapse
73
cycle of trauma of vaginal prolapse
Cycle of trauma: drying--> necrosis--> more straining--> more prolapsing Beware!! Frostbite, predators
74
clinical signs of vaginal prolapse; mild vs severe
-Mild – slightly prolapsed during recumbency, replacing when cow stands -Severe – extensive vagino‐cervical prolapse including bladder
75
vaginal prolapse treatment
-Clean -Give Epidural -Don’t forget to check for Bladder! -Replace -Vulvar retention sutures -Severe Recurrent Cases ~~Cervicopexy ~~Vaginopexy -Calve her out (open retention sutures before!) -Cull due to inheritance
76
different ways for Vulvar retention sutures (4)
1. vertical pins and lace 2. halsted technique 3. horizontal pins 4. hog rings and lace

Theriogenology FROM K (51 decks)

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