Conditions of the hoof

Question 1

Label the arrows?

Answer 1

Question 2

Label this

Answer 2

Question 3

Label

Answer 3

Question 4

What is the role of the digital cushion?

Answer 4

• shock absorbing function - protects the caudal margin of the P3

Question 5

Label

Answer 5

Question 6

What are the causes of ruminant lameness in cattle and sheep?

Answer 6

Question 7

How do horn ulcers form in cows?

Answer 7

• Combo between lack of support for P3 within the capsule
• Constant pressure of concrete - lack of support from above
• Results in pressure on the corium
• When it is exposed to loading
• Firstly- when first exposed to trauma get calaces- protective response
• When you get overgrowth in axial part of the claw- progressive overloading of the corium
• Mechanisms that are meant to be protective- contributes to path
• Inflam and oedema of the corium
• Take 1-2 months for an insult to become visible on the solar surface
• If that pressure continues - the corium stops producing new horn = horn ulcer (disruption of epidermal layers)

Question 8

What are these showing?

Answer 8

Question 9

What are the risk factors for sole haemorrhage/ ulcers?

Answer 9

• coriosis
• suspensory apparatus
  
  • run up to calving- laxity within structures supporting the pedal bone within the hoof capsule
  • (hormonal changes)
  • leads to greater damage
• Abnormal claw shape
• Cow comfort/ lying times
• Digital cushion
  
  • metabolic stress
  • NEBAL

Question 10

What is white line disease and what species does it affect?

Answer 10

• cows and sheep
• damage to white line
  
  • physicla traunma
  • shearing forces
  • poor hoof conformation and horn quality
• impaction -> infection -> abscessation

Question 11

How does white line disease occur?

Answer 11

• The white line is a junction between the sole and wall of hoof
• Bits of material can get impacted into the line
• Initially leads to separation between wall and sole
• Doesn’t cause lameness until comes into contact with sensitive tissues (corium)
• Then get intro of infection and establishment of bacteria = painful
• Lots of puss being produced- builds up pressure and squeezes soft tissue

Question 12

What farm conditions might increase the risk of white line disease?

Answer 12

Well worn tracks with lots of loose stones

If the hooves are softened by wet conditions

Managing systems where the animals are driven very fast around the farm - don’t have time to avoid obstacles on the ground

Question 13

What disease is this?

Answer 13

• white line disease

Question 14

What soft tissue conditions are caused by treponema species (spirochaetes)?

Answer 14

• bovine digital dermatitis
• contagious ovine digital dermatitis
• bovine ulcerative mammary dermititis

Question 15

What condition is this? and what is it caused by?

Answer 15

• bovine digital dermatitis
• affects the heel bulbs
• superficial, erosive infection of skin
• caused by spirochaetes from genus treponema

Question 16

What are the risk factors for bovine digital dermatitis?

Answer 16

• poor underfoot hygiene (deep slurry, housing)
• inadequate footbathing
• should hose down feet in parlous and monitor

Question 17

What is interdigital necrobacillosis?

Answer 17

• cows
  
  • damage to interdigital skin
  • bacterial infection starting in interdigital space
    
    • fusobacterium necrophorum
    • trueperella pyogenes
  • ascending infection of the deep soft tissues of the foot with marked inflam

Question 18

What is this condition?

Answer 18

• interdigital necrobacillosis

Question 19

What is scald? What species does it affect? What is it caused by?

Answer 19

• interdigital dermatitis
• sheep
• superficial infection of the interdigital skin -> secondary bacterial infection
• caused by:
  
  • fusobacterium necrophorum
  • g -ve anerobe

Question 20

What is interdigital dermatitis a precursor to?

Answer 20

• foot root
• common at grass in wet conditions

Question 21

What is foot rot and what is it caused by?

Answer 21

• in sheep
• erosion of the axial hoof wall with deep infection of the digital tissues and underrunning of the sole
• caused by:
  
  • dichelobacter nodosus (g -ve anaerobe)
  • fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 22

What condition is this?

Answer 22

• early and chronic foot rot

Question 23

What is CODD?

Answer 23

• contagious ovine digital dermatitis
• mixed infection
  
  • terponema spp
  • f.necrophorum
  • d.nodosus

Question 24

How does CODD progress?

Answer 24

• primary lesion at coronary band
• under running of the hoof wall
• hoof wall detachment
• sloughing of hoof capsule
• can appear similar to foot rot

Question 25

What is this condition in sheep?

Answer 25

• CODD

Question 26

What are the differences in prevalence, the initial lesion and pathology between foot rot and CODD?

Answer 26

Question 27

What is this condition and what species does it affect?

Answer 27

• toe granuloma
• disruption of sole/ wall horn, exposure to corium, granuloma formation
• sheep

Question 28

What are these condition in a pig and cow?

Answer 28

Question 29

What are the disorders of the coronary band?

Answer 29

• ulceration
• vesicle formation and ulceration
• vadculitis, hyperaemia and ulceration
  
  • bluetongue

Question 30

What clinical signs would you see in sows and poultry with contact dermititis?

Answer 30

• sows - shoulder sores
• poultry - podo and hock dermatitis, breast blister

Question 31

What is this condition?

Answer 31

• primary: ingestion of photodynamic agents or sunburn
• secondary: liver disease -> retention of photosensitising agent phylooerythrin