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FD3 > Ectoparasites > Flashcards

Ectoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

What are Arthropods and what are their features?

A
  • largest animal phylum (85% of all known animals)
  • jointed legs/ limbs, mobile
  • exoskeleton (chitin)
    • need to moult to grow
    • target for biochemical control
  • cold blooded (poikilothermic)
    • seasonal
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2
Q

What are the subgroups of arthropods?

A
  • acari
    • mites
    • ticks
  • insects
    • lice
    • fleas
    • flies
  • crustacea
    • fish ‘lice’
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3
Q

What is this?

A
  • house dust mite
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4
Q

What is this?

A
  • poultry red mite
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5
Q

What are the 2 categories of parasitic acari?

A
  • permanent
    • lifecycle entirely on host
    • astigmata, prostigmata
      • skin allergies- mange/scabies
      • respiratory allergies
  • semi-permanent
    • part of lifecycle off host
    • prostigmata, mesostigmata
    • blood sucking
    • vectors of disease
    • skin/resp allergies
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6
Q

What is mange and what is it caused by?

A
  • scabies
  • traumatic damage (burrowing, feeding, scratching)
  • allergic dermatitis
    • salivary secretions
    • sloughed skin (exuvia)
    • excreta (guanine)
    • peritrophic membrane (around excreta) - part of gut
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7
Q

What is the cause of transient mange?

A
  • free living (astigmatic) mites
    • feed infested with mites - swarm over head while feeding
    • similar to excretory antigens to parasitic mites
    • temporary - controlled by good food hygiene
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8
Q

What is the cause of Sarcoptic mange?

A
  • burrowing astigmatid mite
  • can infest a wide range of hosts
  • phenotypic differences (ITS-2 of the mRNA)
  • 1 type species (sarcoptes scabiei)
  • pre-adaptation
  • potentially zoonotic
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9
Q

How does sarcoptic mange occur? How do the mites manifest?

A
  • adult females burrow into horny layer of skin
  • eggs deposited in tunnels
  • larvae migrate to skin surface, shelter in hair follicles and moult
  • nymohs also moult in hair follicles
  • adult males and females make short burrows (1mm) into the skin - mating burrows
  • the adult female increases in size as her ovaries develop (300-500um)
  • lays 1-3 eggs per day
  • never voluntarily leaves burrow
  • survive off hosr for 17 days
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10
Q

How do secondary bacterial infections form in sarcoptic mange?

A
  • saliva/ faeces antigenic + damage through burrowing
  • infiltration of eosinophils into epidermis and dermis
  • papules and vesicles form at site of infection - localised eczema, prutitus - scratching, secondary bacterial infections
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11
Q

What is Hyperkeratotic scabies? What are the clinical signs?

A
  • mites multiply very rapidly forming crusty (hyperkeratotic lesions)
  • mites are found in their thousands
  • severe itching
  • large areas of skin show a crusted or scaly appearance
  • highly contagious
  • swelling of lymph nodes
  • strong eosinophilic response - high levels of IgE and IL4
  • high risk of secondary infections - fatal
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12
Q

What are the predisposing factors for hyperkeratotic scabies?

A
  • very old/ young
  • immunosuppressive drugs
  • alcoholics
  • ethnic groups
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13
Q

What types of mange are shown?

A
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14
Q

What is Demodex?

A
  • caused by prostigmatid mite
  • found in most mammalian species
  • host specific
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15
Q

What condition is this dog presenting?

A
  • canine demodecosis
    • D.canis - not usually serious
    • can be a cause of generalised demodectic mange
    • serious inflam condition- serum, puss, blood oozing from skin surface- red mange
    • secondary bacterial infections (staphylococcal) infections
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16
Q

What has caused this?

A
  • carnivore ear mite (otodectes cynotis)
  • non-burrowing astigmatid mite
  • parasite of ear canal
  • cats, dogs
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17
Q

What is Chorioptes bovis? What animals does it infest?

A
  • astigmata
  • permanent/ obligate
  • non burrowing
  • damage aesthetic
  • not host specific
  • infests sheep, goats, horses, cattle, camelids
  • often asymptomatic
  • certain cattle breeds = generalised mange
    • continental breeds (Belgium Blue/ White)
    • Highland Cattle (microclimate)
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18
Q

What are the Predilection sites?

A
  • base of tail
  • perineum and udder
  • scrotum - infertility
  • lower limbs
  • hooves - lameness
  • ears
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19
Q

What is the only form of equine mange in UK?

A
  • equine chorioptic mange
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20
Q

What is Psoroptic mange caused by?

A
  • Psoroptes spp
  • non-burrowing Astigmatid mite
  • can infest a wide range of hosts on the body or in ear
  • phenotypic differences- L4 OOS
  • genotypic similarities (ITS-2 of the mRNA)
  • 2 type species
    • P.ovis/ P.cuniculi (body/ears of wide host range)
    • P.natalensis- cattle, body only
  • not zoonotic
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21
Q

What type of mange do these animals have?

A
  • psoroptic mange
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22
Q

Which mite is this and why?

A
  • cheyletiella spp
  • characteristic claws
  • prostigmatid mite
  • no-burrowing
  • permanent
  • lives on skin surface
  • allergic dermatitis
  • irritation
  • walking dandruff
    • C.yasgui - dogs
    • C.blakei- cats
    • C.parasitovorax - rabbits
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23
Q

What is this mite?

A
  • notoedres cati
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24
Q

What is this mite?

A
  • trixacarus caviae
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25
Q

What is C.pilae?

A
  • cere of aviary birds
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26
Q

What does C.mutans cause?

A
  • scaly legs
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27
Q

What doesnt Cnemidocoptes spp have?

A
  • pegs and spine
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28
Q

What is C.gallinae?

A
  • depluming mite
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29
Q

What is the poultry red mite and what does it cause?

A
  • mesostigmata
  • intensive or free range
  • small scale units
  • blood feeding
  • lives in fabric of poultry houses
    • anaemia - chicks
    • vector of disease - salmonella
    • reduced egg production
    • reduced weight gain
    • human involvement
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30
Q

What is this?

A
  • ophionyssuss natricis
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31
Q

What are nasal mites?

A
  • halarachnidae
  • canine nasal mite
  • inhabit nasal passageway
  • heavy infection - sneezing, nose bleeds, sinusitis, mucus, reddening of nasal mucosa, cough, chronic nasal discharge
  • do nasal swab, rhinoscopy, flush
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32
Q

Name one host and multi host ticks

A
  • One host = Rhipicephalus spp
  • multi ixodes spp
  • soft tick = argasidae
  • hard tick = ixodidae
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33
Q

Which adult female ticks are these (sheep)?

A
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34
Q

What is the 3 host tick?

A
  • Ixodes ricinus
    • egg
    • larvae
    • nymph
    • adult
  • instar feeds every 12 months
  • gives a 3 year cycle
  • can be 2-6 years
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35
Q

The egg?

A
  • several thousand layed
  • 2 will survive
  • wax - stop being dried out
  • hatching
    • spring - 16-48 weeks
    • autumn - 21-28 weeks
36
Q

Describe the larvae of Ixodes ricinus

A
  • found in clumps in vegetation where mother died
  • seed ticks - 6 legs
  • breathe through skin - cuticle
  • return to humid layer if fail to find host
  • feed off small mammals and birds
  • fall off into veg
  • digest blood meal and moult
37
Q

Describe the nymphs of the ixodes ricinus

A
  • larger
  • 8 legs
  • breathe through spiracle/ trachea
  • feed on larger mammals - lambs
  • feed for 4-8 days
  • drop off into vegetation - spread further
  • digest blood meal and moult
38
Q

What is the difference between male and female adult l.ricinus ticks?

A
  • females - engorge with blood
  • males - feed but do not engorge
39
Q

What is questing?

A
  • finding a host
  • several weeks
  • triggered by - increased day length and temps above 7
  • attracted to co2, heat, volaltile chemicals
  • cant survive more than 1 season without feeding
  • Hallers organ - 1 st pair of legs
40
Q

Where are the feeding sites of ticks in sheep?

A
  • climb on via head/ legs
  • where there are vessels close to surface
  • inguinum
  • axilla
  • ears
  • stay on for 6-13 days until engorged
41
Q

Describe the prevalence of ticks

A
  • need moisture
  • found in moisture retaining ground e.g. rough grazing, moorland
  • dependent on climate
  • becoming more abundant
    • deer
    • climate change
    • acaricide
    • farming practises
42
Q

How are lice adapted to parasitic life?

A
  • dorso ventrally flattened
  • mouth part and head facing outwards
  • thoracic and abdominal spiracles
  • adapted legs and claws
  • reduced number antennal segments
43
Q

Desctibe the life cycle of lice

A
  • incomplete metamorphosis
  • 3 nymph stages
  • no sexual dimorphism
44
Q

Why are lice permanent ectoparasites?

A
  • low powers of survival off the host
  • small chance of finding new host
45
Q

How does spread of lice occur?

A
  • horizontal
  • vertical
  • brushes etc
46
Q

What are mallophaga?

A
  • chewing lice
  • well developed head and mouthparts
  • killed by contact insecticides not systemic
47
Q

What are these?

A
48
Q

What are Anoplura?

A
  • blood sucking lice
  • thin head and mouth piece - piercing and sucking
    • haematopinus - pig, bovine, equid
    • linognathus - bovine, equids, goats, sheep, dogs
    • solenopotes capitallus - cattle
49
Q

What is this?

A
  • rabbit flea
50
Q

Describe some features of fleas and their adaptations

A
  • vectors of disease
  • semi-permanent
  • blood sucking
  • laterally flattened
  • antennae in fossa
  • head - sessile in pro-thorax
  • backwards facing hairs - setae
  • combs
51
Q

What fleas infect cats?

A
  • 99% ctenocephalide felis
  • 1% ctenocephalide canis
  • archaeopsylla erinacei
  • pulex irritans
  • spilopsyllus cuniculi
52
Q

WHich fleas affect dogs?

A
  • 93% ctenocephalide felis
  • 7% ctenocephalide canis
  • archaeopsyllus erinacei
  • pulex irritans
  • spilopsyllus cuniculi
  • ceratophyllus fasciatus
53
Q

What are fleas effect on host?

A
  • flea allergy dermatitis
  • anaemia
  • vectors of disease
    • cat scratch disease
    • tapeworm
    • bubonic plague
    • marine typhus
    • myxomatosis
54
Q
A
55
Q

What is the fleas lifecycle?

A
  • complete metamorphosis
  • adults - 5%
  • immature - 95%
    • eggs - 50%
    • larvae - 35%
    • pupae - 10%
  • pupae = resistant stage
56
Q

What flea uses host hormones?

A
  • rabbit flea
57
Q

How do fleas feed?

A
  • Ct.felis - feed every 12 hours
  • feed to repletion in 10 mins
  • take in 7ul of blood - double in size
  • oviposition in 48 hours of feeding
  • saliva:
    • anticoagulant
    • spreading agent
    • low mol weight compounds
  • immune response
58
Q

What is FAD?

A
  • flea allergy dermatitis
  • flea bite:
    • central spot
    • halo around it
    • not much swelling
  • dogs more allergic to saliva
  • subsequent bites - inflam reaction
59
Q

Specific signs of FAD in cats and dogs?

A
  • dogs:
    • papular eruptions - spots - on trunk, base of tail, thighs
    • crusting/ scabs - self traums
    • acute pyotraumatic - neck and base of tail
    • bacterial dermatitis and folliculitits
  • cats
    • groom out most
    • less fleas
    • 3 conditions:
      • papulocrustous dermititis
      • facial alopecia
      • eosinophilic plaques
60
Q

How to diagnose fleas?

A
  • flea dirt
    • black, comma shaped specks
    • put paper towel under animal and rub
    • black dots on towel
    • then dampen - dissolve to red-brown liquid
  • itching
    • restless and scratching
    • cats may show no signs
61
Q

What is the pupal window?

A
  • time it takes for adult to emerge
62
Q

What are fleas?

A
  • semi-permanent
  • adults
    • parasitic
    • micropredators
    • blood sucking
    • secretophagous
  • larvae
    • parasitic
    • myiasis
63
Q

Which fly is this? (secretophagous)

A
  • head fly - black cap
  • uni-voltine - 1 brood a year
  • in pine forests
  • feed on body secretions
    • mouth
    • eyes
    • udders
    • blood after horse fly
  • larvae are carnivorous
  • vectors of disease
  • emerge June - Aug
  • mastitis in summer
64
Q

What effects does the head fly have?

A
  • annoyance
  • reduced feeding, reduced weight gain
  • damage
65
Q

What are face flies? (secretophagous)

A
  • feed on body secretions
    • mouth,eyes,udder
  • larvae - feed on dung
  • multi-voltine
  • vectors
    • eye worms
66
Q

WHich fly is this and what does it cause?

A
  • face fly
  • eye worms (thelazia spp)
67
Q

Which fly is this?

A
  • horse fly
  • blood sucking
  • uni-voltine
  • larvae - moist ground - water meadows
  • only females feed on blood
  • emerge june -sept
68
Q

Which fly is this?

A
  • stablefly
  • blood sucking
  • multo-voltine
  • larvae - manure
  • emerge march-november
  • both sexes feed on blood
69
Q

What are these blood sucking flies?

A
  • mosquitos and midges
70
Q

Which fly larvae undertake myiasis?

A
  • obligate
    • warble flies
    • horse bots
    • sheep nasal bots
  • faculative
    • sheep blowfly strike
  • accidental
    • crane and hover fly larvae
71
Q

Describe the lifecycle of the warble fly of cattle

A
  • adult - may, june, july
  • lays eggs on hair - may-june
  • larvae migrate through skin 7-9 months
  • emerge on the back of cow dec-june
  • stay for 1-2 months
  • then marble grub falls off onto ground
  • develops into pupa stage - 1-3 months then hatches
72
Q

What is this showing?

A
  • damaged leather by the warble fly
73
Q

Which fly is this?

A
  • horse bot
  • gasterophillus spp
74
Q

What are the species of horse bot (gasterophilus) and where do they enter?

A
  • G.intestinalis - spread of L1 larvae, invade mucous membrane and burrow in tongue
  • G. nasalis - hatch sponataously - mouth
  • G. haemorrhoidalis - hatch in reponse to moisture - lips
  • G. inermis - spont. burrow into cheek
  • 56% - stomach, intestine 25%, rectum 12%
    • effects - oesophageal ulcers, swelling at point of entry, chronic gastritis, loss of condition
75
Q

What is this fly?

A
  • nasal bot fly
76
Q

WHich larvae are these, at what stage?

A
  • 1st and 3rd instar
77
Q

What is causing this?

A
  • sheep nasal bot fly
  • causes interupted feeding and gadding
  • irritation - hooks, excreta
  • catarrhal discharge, sneezing
  • avoiding behaviour
  • secondary bacterial infections
  • mucous membrane inflammation - prevent L3 escape - die in situ
78
Q

Oestrus ovis: clinical signs/ host age?

A
  • more larvae in younger sheep
  • symptoms more pronounced in older sheep
    • acquired immunity
    • clinical signs due to immune response
  • generally no rise in temp
  • whole flock treatment not advised - resistance
79
Q

What is sheep blowfly strike?

A
  • major welfare problem
  • flies dont know farm lines - part of normal fauna
  • initial - green bottle - l.sericata
  • semi-permanent
  • if not treated 3.7-5% lambs struck
  • secondary by blue bottles - Calliphora erythrocephali - attracted to smell of original lesion of L.sericata
  • continous waves
80
Q

Describe the adult attraction phase of blowfly strike

A
  • only pregnant L.sericata are attracted
  • by moisture and decaying matter
  • not all attracted
    • 10% = foot, horn, wound
    • 30% = body
    • 60% = breech
  • breech - starts with eggs layed on tail head - treat
81
Q

Describe bowfly oviposition

A
  • L.sericata are attracted to chemicals - ammonia on sheep - lay
  • eggs hatch in 24 hours
  • need 70-90% moisture for 14 hours to survive
  • hot dry weather then heavy rain
82
Q

Describe the sheep phase - development

A
  • larvae migrate down to the skin - usually in the middle of the fleece staple
  • hooked mouthparts and saliva - eat into sheep
  • exudate released wets the fleece and also attracts other flies
  • tertiary strikes
83
Q

How does toxicity occur in sheep phase?

A
  • lipid soluble faecal material of larvae are absorbed through the skin - by passes normal de-toxification
  • damage vital organs
  • quick death
84
Q

Prevention of blowfly strike?

A
  • dagging
  • tail docking
  • shearing
  • remove dead animals
  • control foot rot
85
Q

What are hippoboscoid flies (sheep keds)?

A
  • permanent, obligate
  • blood sucking
  • wingless
  • sheep tick
  • eggs and larvae develop in female
  • 3rd instar larvae develop into pupae after depostion
  • attach to wool
  • emerge in 2 weeks
86
Q
A

FD3 (13 decks)

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