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FD3 > Pathology of the alimentary tract I and II > Flashcards

Pathology of the alimentary tract I and II Flashcards

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1
Q

What animals is alimentary neoplasia more common in?

A
  • pet carnivores
    • longer lifespan
    • effective vaccines
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2
Q

Which animals are more likely to have resistant infectious diseases?

A
  • milk, meat and fibre producing animals - ruminants and pigs
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3
Q

Which animals is alimentary viscera displacements most common in?

A
  • horses
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4
Q

What are some diagnostic methods used?

A
  • PCR - diagnose cause of infectious enteritis without culturing
  • faecal sampling - entire functioning of tract
  • Histological examination of biopsy
  • fiberoptic endoscopy used - mouth/ anus/ incision in abdomen - through oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, large colon, view the entire serosal surface of the abdominal viscera - take samples
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5
Q

What should the alimentary tract normally look like?

A
  • should be smooth and shiny
  • except the rumen - papilla/ rough
  • faeces - anything undigested, effete neutrophils etc - passed into lumen
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6
Q

What are the portals of entry/ pathways of spread in the alimentary tract?

A
  • ingestion
  • coughed up from the lungs e.g. R.equi
  • parasites moving across barriers
  • blood borne infectios attaching to specific receptors on the epithelium
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7
Q

What are the defence mechanisms of the alimentary tract?

A
  • taste buds
  • vomiting
  • saliva - flushing of the oropharynx, lysozymes, lactoperoxidae, lactoferrin, Ig, protective coating for the mucosa
  • gastric pH
  • microflora - compete for nutrients, compete for binding sites, immune system maturation
  • Paneth cells - antimicronbial peptides, lysozymes
  • innate lymphoid cells
  • intestinal proteoyltic enzymes
  • high rate of ep turnover
  • dilution within ingesta
  • mucus - phages destroy bacteria
  • adaptive IS
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8
Q

Name the oral cavity developmental abnormalities

A
  • Palatoschisis - cleft palate
  • Cheiloschisis - cleft lip
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9
Q

SHort/ long mandible/ maxilla?

A
  • Brachygnatia inferior - short mandible
  • Brachygnatia superior - short maxilla
  • Progniata inferior - long mandible
  • Progniata superior - long maxilla
  • Agniata - no mandible
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10
Q

What is linked to Palatoschisis in dogs?

A
  • genetics
  • Vit A excessive intake in preg
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11
Q

What is this?

A
  • Chelioschisis - cleft lip
  • hare
  • die within first few days
  • aspiration pneumonia
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12
Q

What is this?

A
  • Palatoschisis - cleft palate
  • lateral palatine processes failed to fuse during first trimester
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13
Q

What is this showing?

A
  • palatoschisis
  • some of the hard palate and all of the soft palate failed to fuse together
  • direct communication between oral and nasal cavities
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14
Q

What are these showing?

A
  • Brachigniata inferior and superior
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15
Q

What is stomatitis?

A
  • inflam of the oral cavity
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16
Q

What is Cheilitis?

A
  • inflam of the lips
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17
Q

What is Glossitis?

A
  • inflam of tongue
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18
Q

What is the classification of stomatitis?

A
  • superficial:
    • vesicular
    • erosive/ ulcer
    • chronic granulotamous
    • chronic lympho-plasmacytic
    • necrotising/ fibrinous
  • deep
    • granulomatous
    • suppurative
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19
Q

What signs will early and mild stomatitis show?

A
  • hyperaemia
  • catarrhal exudate
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20
Q

What is this?

A
  • Vesicular stomatitis - fluid between the epithelium and lamina propria
    • complete healing as BM intact
    • can progress to ulcers and erosions
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21
Q

What are the causes of vesicular stomatitis?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • viral
    • FMD
    • swine vesicular disease
    • vesicular exanthema - swine
    • feline calcivirus
  • autoimmune
    • pemphigus vulgaris
    • pemphigus erythematous
  • trauma
    • foreign body
    • photoirritation
    • chemical or thermal burn
22
Q

What are the causes of ulcerative/erosive stomatitis?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • viral
    • BVDV
    • BHV-1
    • MCF
    • BTV
    • feline calcivirus
  • Trauma
    • burns
    • foreign body
    • photoirritation
  • metabolic
    • ureamia
    • eosinophilic ulcer - cat
23
Q

Which diseases are primarily erosive/ ulcerative or vesicular?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • vesicular = FMD, vescular stomatitides
  • erosive/ ulcerative = BVD, MCF, Rinderpest
24
Q

What is this?

25
What is this?
* BTV * red swollen and ulcerative dental pads
26
What is ureamia?
* build up of nitrogen and urea waste due to kidney failure * damage small vessels in the oral cavtity * leads to erosion and ulceratiion due to hypoxia
27
What is photosensitisation?
* ingestion of plants * metabolised when exposed to light * activation of molecules - oxidation of skin and mucosa
28
Examples of necrotising/fibrnous stomatitis?
* thrush * mouth rot - reptiles * trichomoniasis * hyphae/ yeasts on ep surface -\> fibrin exudate, hyperkeratosis, inflam, pseudomembranes
29
WHat is this?
* oral eosinophilic granuloma complex * upper lip - cat * lower - dog (granuloma)
30
What is this?
* lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis * FUSG * LPS * FPGP * FCGS
31
What are the causes of deep stomatitides?
* foreign body * infectious * F.necrophorum - calf diptheria * Actinobacillus - wooden tongue * Actinomyces bovis - lumpy jaw
32
What is lumpy jaw?
* Actinomyces - invades through lesions * into bone (mandible, maxilla) - infection
33
What are some benign and malignant neoplasias of the oral cavity?
* benign * papillomas * epulides * malignant * melanoma * SSC * fibrosarcoma
34
WHat is this?
* wooden tongue * Actinobacillus - in through lesions e.g. grass seeds * involvment of lymph nodes and lyphatics * pyogranuloma
35
What are the causes of inflammation of the oesophagus?
* viral * chemical irritants * ionising radiation * thrush * reflux - loss of function of the lower oesophageal sphincter
36
What is Megaoesophagus - what causes it?
* dilation of the lumen - atony and flaccidity of the oesophageal muscle * failure of peristalisis of food into stomach * congenital - idiopathic, right perisiting aortic arch * acquired - mechanical obstruction, myasthenia gravis, hyperadrenocorticism
37
What are the oesophageal obstruction sites?
* diaphragmatic hiatus * thoracic inlet * larynx * base of heart * perforation * cellulitis * pneumonia * bloat * stenosis
38
What are some parasitic lesions of the oesophagus?
* sarcocytosis * spirocerca lupi * gongylonema * gasterophilus, hypoderma (fly larvae)
39
What are the predisposing factors of GDV and the pathogenesis?
* excess gas -\> functional obstruction of the cardia and the pylorus -\> dilatation -\> rotation on the mesenteric axis -\> infarction * compression of the diaphragm, vena cava and portal vein -\> reduced venous return, reduced cardiac output and perfusion of the abdominal viscera -\> shock
40
What can happen to the spleen?
* V shaped bending of the enlarged spleen
41
What is gastric ulcerations?
* imbalance between the acid secretion and mucosal protection * necrosis of ep cells -\> erosion -\> ulceration -\> bleeding -\> perforation -\> peritonitis
42
What are the main signs of gastric ulceration?
* haematemesis * melena * anaemia * abdo pain
43
What are the causes of gastric ulcers?
* injury to mucosa * high gastric acidity * uraemia * local ischaemia * infection/ inflammation * NSAIDs - horses
44
What is gastric ulceration named in horses?
* Equine gastric ulceration syndrome - EGUS * ulcers form along margo plicatus in non-glandular stomach * NSAIDs - block synthesis of PG - reduced secretion of bicarbonate
45
What are the causes of gastritis in different species?
* dogs/cats * parasites * allergic/ immune * uraemia * pigs * infectious * salmonellosis * colibacillosis * ruminants * clostridia * parasites * fungi * horses * parasites
46
What are the different types of gastritis?
* acute/ chronic * catarrhal * haemorrhagic * fungi * uraemia * clostridial * ulcerative * uraemia * NSAIDs * hyperplastic/ proliferative * ostertagia
47
What is this?
* ostertagiosis - cobblestone appearance * worms - causing hypertrophy/plasia of the mucosa
48
What is this?
* diffuse redding * uraemia in dog * uraemia - due to kidney failure * build up of creatinine and urea
49
What is this?
* haemorrhagic emphysematous * thickened abomasal folds with gas bubbles due to BRAXY
50
What is this?
* ulcer + haemorrhage - infarct * mulitfocal - fungal * round = fungal
51
What neoplasia is found in the stomach?
* epithelial * polyp/adenoma - from mucosal lining/glands - dog/cat * adenocarcinoma - from mucosal lining/glands - dog/cat * SCC - from squamous mucosa - horses * Mesenchymal * Leiomyoma, Leiomyosarcoma - dogs/cats (from muscle layer\_) * Round cell * Lymphoma (from lymphoid tissue) - all species
52

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