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FD3 > Pathology of the alimentary tract I and II > Flashcards

Pathology of the alimentary tract I and II Flashcards

1
Q

What animals is alimentary neoplasia more common in?

A
  • pet carnivores
    • longer lifespan
    • effective vaccines
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2
Q

Which animals are more likely to have resistant infectious diseases?

A
  • milk, meat and fibre producing animals - ruminants and pigs
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3
Q

Which animals is alimentary viscera displacements most common in?

A
  • horses
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4
Q

What are some diagnostic methods used?

A
  • PCR - diagnose cause of infectious enteritis without culturing
  • faecal sampling - entire functioning of tract
  • Histological examination of biopsy
  • fiberoptic endoscopy used - mouth/ anus/ incision in abdomen - through oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, large colon, view the entire serosal surface of the abdominal viscera - take samples
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5
Q

What should the alimentary tract normally look like?

A
  • should be smooth and shiny
  • except the rumen - papilla/ rough
  • faeces - anything undigested, effete neutrophils etc - passed into lumen
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6
Q

What are the portals of entry/ pathways of spread in the alimentary tract?

A
  • ingestion
  • coughed up from the lungs e.g. R.equi
  • parasites moving across barriers
  • blood borne infectios attaching to specific receptors on the epithelium
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7
Q

What are the defence mechanisms of the alimentary tract?

A
  • taste buds
  • vomiting
  • saliva - flushing of the oropharynx, lysozymes, lactoperoxidae, lactoferrin, Ig, protective coating for the mucosa
  • gastric pH
  • microflora - compete for nutrients, compete for binding sites, immune system maturation
  • Paneth cells - antimicronbial peptides, lysozymes
  • innate lymphoid cells
  • intestinal proteoyltic enzymes
  • high rate of ep turnover
  • dilution within ingesta
  • mucus - phages destroy bacteria
  • adaptive IS
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8
Q

Name the oral cavity developmental abnormalities

A
  • Palatoschisis - cleft palate
  • Cheiloschisis - cleft lip
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9
Q

SHort/ long mandible/ maxilla?

A
  • Brachygnatia inferior - short mandible
  • Brachygnatia superior - short maxilla
  • Progniata inferior - long mandible
  • Progniata superior - long maxilla
  • Agniata - no mandible
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10
Q

What is linked to Palatoschisis in dogs?

A
  • genetics
  • Vit A excessive intake in preg
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11
Q

What is this?

A
  • Chelioschisis - cleft lip
  • hare
  • die within first few days
  • aspiration pneumonia
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12
Q

What is this?

A
  • Palatoschisis - cleft palate
  • lateral palatine processes failed to fuse during first trimester
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13
Q

What is this showing?

A
  • palatoschisis
  • some of the hard palate and all of the soft palate failed to fuse together
  • direct communication between oral and nasal cavities
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14
Q

What are these showing?

A
  • Brachigniata inferior and superior
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15
Q

What is stomatitis?

A
  • inflam of the oral cavity
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16
Q

What is Cheilitis?

A
  • inflam of the lips
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17
Q

What is Glossitis?

A
  • inflam of tongue
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18
Q

What is the classification of stomatitis?

A
  • superficial:
    • vesicular
    • erosive/ ulcer
    • chronic granulotamous
    • chronic lympho-plasmacytic
    • necrotising/ fibrinous
  • deep
    • granulomatous
    • suppurative
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19
Q

What signs will early and mild stomatitis show?

A
  • hyperaemia
  • catarrhal exudate
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20
Q

What is this?

A
  • Vesicular stomatitis - fluid between the epithelium and lamina propria
    • complete healing as BM intact
    • can progress to ulcers and erosions
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21
Q

What are the causes of vesicular stomatitis?

A
  • viral
    • FMD
    • swine vesicular disease
    • vesicular exanthema - swine
    • feline calcivirus
  • autoimmune
    • pemphigus vulgaris
    • pemphigus erythematous
  • trauma
    • foreign body
    • photoirritation
    • chemical or thermal burn
22
Q

What are the causes of ulcerative/erosive stomatitis?

A
  • viral
    • BVDV
    • BHV-1
    • MCF
    • BTV
    • feline calcivirus
  • Trauma
    • burns
    • foreign body
    • photoirritation
  • metabolic
    • ureamia
    • eosinophilic ulcer - cat
23
Q

Which diseases are primarily erosive/ ulcerative or vesicular?

A
  • vesicular = FMD, vescular stomatitides
  • erosive/ ulcerative = BVD, MCF, Rinderpest
24
Q

What is this?

A
  • MCF
25
Q

What is this?

A
  • BTV
  • red swollen and ulcerative dental pads
26
Q

What is ureamia?

A
  • build up of nitrogen and urea waste due to kidney failure
  • damage small vessels in the oral cavtity
  • leads to erosion and ulceratiion due to hypoxia
27
Q

What is photosensitisation?

A
  • ingestion of plants
  • metabolised when exposed to light
  • activation of molecules - oxidation of skin and mucosa
28
Q

Examples of necrotising/fibrnous stomatitis?

A
  • thrush
  • mouth rot - reptiles
  • trichomoniasis
    • hyphae/ yeasts on ep surface -> fibrin exudate, hyperkeratosis, inflam, pseudomembranes
29
Q

WHat is this?

A
  • oral eosinophilic granuloma complex
  • upper lip - cat
  • lower - dog (granuloma)
30
Q

What is this?

A
  • lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis
    • FUSG
    • LPS
    • FPGP
    • FCGS
31
Q

What are the causes of deep stomatitides?

A
  • foreign body
  • infectious
    • F.necrophorum - calf diptheria
    • Actinobacillus - wooden tongue
    • Actinomyces bovis - lumpy jaw
32
Q

What is lumpy jaw?

A
  • Actinomyces - invades through lesions
  • into bone (mandible, maxilla) - infection
33
Q

What are some benign and malignant neoplasias of the oral cavity?

A
  • benign
    • papillomas
    • epulides
  • malignant
    • melanoma
    • SSC
    • fibrosarcoma
34
Q

WHat is this?

A
  • wooden tongue
  • Actinobacillus - in through lesions e.g. grass seeds
  • involvment of lymph nodes and lyphatics
  • pyogranuloma
35
Q

What are the causes of inflammation of the oesophagus?

A
  • viral
  • chemical irritants
  • ionising radiation
  • thrush
  • reflux - loss of function of the lower oesophageal sphincter
36
Q

What is Megaoesophagus - what causes it?

A
  • dilation of the lumen - atony and flaccidity of the oesophageal muscle
  • failure of peristalisis of food into stomach
  • congenital - idiopathic, right perisiting aortic arch
  • acquired - mechanical obstruction, myasthenia gravis, hyperadrenocorticism
37
Q

What are the oesophageal obstruction sites?

A
  • diaphragmatic hiatus
  • thoracic inlet
  • larynx
  • base of heart
    • perforation
    • cellulitis
    • pneumonia
    • bloat
    • stenosis
38
Q

What are some parasitic lesions of the oesophagus?

A
  • sarcocytosis
  • spirocerca lupi
  • gongylonema
  • gasterophilus, hypoderma (fly larvae)
39
Q

What are the predisposing factors of GDV and the pathogenesis?

A
  • excess gas -> functional obstruction of the cardia and the pylorus -> dilatation -> rotation on the mesenteric axis -> infarction
  • compression of the diaphragm, vena cava and portal vein -> reduced venous return, reduced cardiac output and perfusion of the abdominal viscera -> shock
40
Q

What can happen to the spleen?

A
  • V shaped bending of the enlarged spleen
41
Q

What is gastric ulcerations?

A
  • imbalance between the acid secretion and mucosal protection
  • necrosis of ep cells -> erosion -> ulceration -> bleeding -> perforation -> peritonitis
42
Q

What are the main signs of gastric ulceration?

A
  • haematemesis
  • melena
  • anaemia
  • abdo pain
43
Q

What are the causes of gastric ulcers?

A
  • injury to mucosa
  • high gastric acidity
  • uraemia
  • local ischaemia
  • infection/ inflammation
  • NSAIDs - horses
44
Q

What is gastric ulceration named in horses?

A
  • Equine gastric ulceration syndrome - EGUS
  • ulcers form along margo plicatus in non-glandular stomach
  • NSAIDs - block synthesis of PG - reduced secretion of bicarbonate
45
Q

What are the causes of gastritis in different species?

A
  • dogs/cats
    • parasites
    • allergic/ immune
    • uraemia
  • pigs
    • infectious
    • salmonellosis
    • colibacillosis
  • ruminants
    • clostridia
    • parasites
    • fungi
  • horses
    • parasites
46
Q

What are the different types of gastritis?

A
  • acute/ chronic
  • catarrhal
  • haemorrhagic
    • fungi
    • uraemia
    • clostridial
  • ulcerative
    • uraemia
    • NSAIDs
  • hyperplastic/ proliferative
    • ostertagia
47
Q

What is this?

A
  • ostertagiosis - cobblestone appearance
  • worms - causing hypertrophy/plasia of the mucosa
48
Q

What is this?

A
  • diffuse redding
  • uraemia in dog
  • uraemia - due to kidney failure
  • build up of creatinine and urea
49
Q

What is this?

A
  • haemorrhagic emphysematous
  • thickened abomasal folds with gas bubbles due to BRAXY
50
Q

What is this?

A
  • ulcer + haemorrhage - infarct
  • mulitfocal - fungal
  • round = fungal
51
Q

What neoplasia is found in the stomach?

A
  • epithelial
    • polyp/adenoma - from mucosal lining/glands - dog/cat
    • adenocarcinoma - from mucosal lining/glands - dog/cat
    • SCC - from squamous mucosa - horses
  • Mesenchymal
    • Leiomyoma, Leiomyosarcoma - dogs/cats (from muscle layer_)
  • Round cell
    • Lymphoma (from lymphoid tissue) - all species
52
Q
A

FD3 (13 decks)

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