Conflict across America Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
Why did US gov want Treaty of Fort Laramie
A
- ease tensions between settlers/Indians
- guarantee safety of white travellers
- allow themselves to fulfil manifest destiny - expansion
2
Q
How was Treaty of Fort Laramie signed
A
- September 17th 1851
- at Fort Laramie, Wyoming
- representatives of 8 Indian tribes
3
Q
US gains from Treaty of Fort Laramie
A
- settlers + railroad surveyors could pass Indian territory safely
- could build roads, railways, forts, army posts on Plains
- tribes broke treaty - Indians paid gov compensation
- Indian tribes concentrated in reservations - justified by ‘safety’
4
Q
Indian gain from Treaty of Fort Laramie
A
- $50,000 annuities for 50 years
- protection from white settlers
- reservations would be own territory
5
Q
What did Indians call Treaty of Fort Laramie
A
Horse Creek Treaty
6
Q
Problems with Treaty of Fort Laramie
A
- not all tribes present
- not all tribes agreed to terms
- Indians nomadic - setting land boundaries didn’t exist to them
- treaty in English - Indians didn’t speak it
- Indians didn’t use money
- annuities made Indians reliant on US gov, especially if bad hunt or crops fail
7
Q
Significance of Treaty of Fort Laramie
A
- change in US policy
- wiped out Permanent Indian Frontier
8
Q
Reasons for Indian wars
A
- Gold Rush
- Indigenous leadership changes
- ‘exterminator’ attitudes
- settlement in Kansas/Nebraska
- civil war
- Indian frustration
- abusive Indian agents
9
Q
Example of how a gold rush led to Indian war
A
- 100,000 migrants went through reservation to reach Pike’s Peak - breaking Treaty of Fort Laramie
- US gov didn’t act
10
Q
How did Indigenous leadership changes lead to Indian wars
A
- chiefs who agreed to treaties lost influence when gov didn’t act on migrants breaking it
- bands followed leaders who wanted war on Euro-Americans
11
Q
Exterminator attitude
A
Many Euro-Americans Indians should be removed to allow US expansion, resistors should be killed
12
Q
How did settlement in Nebraska/Kansas lead to Indian wars
A
- 1854 - opened for settlement
- citizens could by land belonging to Indigenous people
13
Q
How did civil war lead to Indian wars
A
- US army went West to fight Southern states
- settlers for volunteer militias with exterminator attitudes
- failed to pay annuities due to money spent on war
14
Q
How did Indian frustration lead to Indian wars
A
Reservation land often infertile, risked starvation
15
Q
Indian agents
A
People in between whites and Indians, allowed on Plains to deliver annuities
16
Q
How did abuse of Indian agents lead to Indian wars
A
- gave Indians rotten meat
- stole annuities
- attacked
17
Q
Indian wars
A
- Little Crow’s war of Dakota
- Sand Creek Massacre
- Red Clouds war / Fettermen’s trap
18
Q
When was Little Crow’s war
A
1862
19
Q
Causes of Little Crow’s war
A
- Minesota became state 1858 - 6,000 - 172,000 settlers 1850-60
- Indian agents stole annuities
- civil war - no annuities in 1861
20
Q
What happened in Little Crows’s war
A
- Chief Little Crow led warriors to clear settlers from Minesota Valley
- August 1862 - 300 settlers killed, hostages taken
- US sent 1400 troops - resisted until September treaty
21
Q
Consequences of Little Crow’s war
A
- military court sentenced 300 Dakota men to death - 38 hanged
- largest justice system killing ever
22
Q
When was Sand Creek Massacre
A
1864
23
Q
Causes of Sand Creek Massacre
A
- 10 Cheyenne/Arapaho chiefs pressured into giving up land between North Platte + Arkansas rivers
- Cheyenne’s dog soldier society rejected this, lived as normal
- militias organised to fight them
24
Q
What happened at Sand Creek Massacre
A
- 29th November 1964
- Colonel Chivington (exterminator) + 675 men attacked Black Kettle’s village
- reservation had opposed war, been promised protection, white + US flag
- 150 elders/women/children killed
- body parts cut up, taken as ‘trophies’
25
Consequences of Sand Creek Massacre
- Cheyenne/Arapaho agreed to fight to defend nations
- US gov held investigation into Chivington - **critical** but not published
- Black Kettle signed peace **treaty**
26
When was Fetterman's trap
21st December 1866
27
Causes of Red Cloud's war
- prospectors rushed to Montana for gold through new **Bozeman** trail - went through Indigenous territory (Powder River Basin)
- tribes went to river to protect one of last hunting areas
- treaty organised that chief Red Cloud didn't sign
28
What happened in Fetterman's trap
- Captain Fetterman + **81** soldiers chasing after **10** Lakota warriors (led by Crazy Horse)
- all US soldiers killed in ambush by **1000** warriors
29
Consequences of Red Cloud's war
- New treaty of **Fort Laramie**
- Bozeman trail **closed**
30
When was 2nd treaty of Fort Laramie
1868
31
Terms of 2nd Fort Laramie treaty
- **68 acre** great Sioux reservation - contain sacred **Paha Sapa** (Black Hills)
- no whites other than agents allowed on
- Indians gave up territory for reservations but could **fish/hunt** in it
- annuities
- RETURN - Indians would end wars
32
When was US civil war start/end
1861-65
33
Sides of US civil war
- **Union** - Northern states, Lincoln
- **Confederacy** - Southern states, Davies
34
Congress
Place where America's **laws** are made
35
Union
America as a **whole**
36
Views of North America
- **industrialised** - 90% factories in North
- large **immigrant population** - low paid Irish, didn't need slaves
- **abolition** movement like Britain - didn't want slaves
- final Northern state abolition **1804**
- didn't want it to spread to new states
- believed in strong **central/federal** power
- declaration of independence signed in **Philadelphia** - freedom
37
Views of South America
- **agricultural** climate - 'king cotton'
- **1/4** southern population relies on slaves - owners, dock workers, cotton packers
- wanted to maintain unique culture, way of life
- **state power** - didn't like being told what to do by North
- thinks North puts itself first - first railroad in North
38
How did America deal with disagreements in congress
- balanced free/slave states - each had **2** senators
- e.g- Ohio, Illinois, Indiana joined (free), Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama joined (slave)
- meant they could **compromise**
39
When was Missouri compromise
1820
40
Why was Missouri compromise needed
- Missouri tried to join Union as slave state
- North said it would break 11/11 balance - **12/11**
41
Missouri compromise
- Missouri allowed as slave is Maine allowed as free
- no more slave states above **line of latitude** - North didn't like slavery creeping upwards
- kept 12/12 balance but **tension** grew - LT war cause
42
Medium term civil war causes
- New Compromise
- Kansas-Nebraska act
- John Brown
43
When was the New Compromise
1850
44
Why was New Compromise needed
- Mexican-American war ended **1848** - US gained California, New Mexico, Utah
- settlers migrated to California, became state, chose to be **free** - broke **15/15** balance
- South thought they'd be pressured to abolish
45
New Compromise
- Utah, New Mexico - no slavery restrictions
- **slave fugitive** act - easier for owners to recapture slaves escaped to North
46
When was Kansas-Nebraska act
1854
47
State of Nebraska before Kansas-Nebraska act
- **1850s** - unorganised territory with settler potential
- South **opposed** it becoming state as in North, probably be free, breaking balance
48
Kansas-Nebraska act
- created state below Nebraska - Kansas
- **popular sovereignty** - would be slave/free by vote
49
What did Kansas-Nebraska act lead to
'Bleeding Kansas' - 1854-56
50
Bleeding Kansas
- border state so surrounded by free/slave states - **split vote**
- caused state-level civil war - violent clashes
- showed slavery disagreements would lead to violent conflict
51
John Brown
- led raids to help slaves escape - murdered **5** people, seen as hero
- **October** - Brown + **18** men (including sons) raided supply of federal **weapons** in Virginia (slave) to arm slaves for uprising
- Brown captured, many men killed
- Brown trialed, found **guilty**
- South scared North were behind uprisings and would stop at nothing to abolish slavery
52
What was the short-term trigger for civil war
Lincoln's election
53
When was Lincoln elected
6th November **1860**
54
How did Lincoln's election trigger war
- South thought Lincoln would destroy their way of life, economy, state power
- **7** Southern states **seceded** (withdrew) from Union to become **confederacy** with Jefferson **Davies** president
55
Development of states in Confederecy
- first 7 - South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas
- 1861 - Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia split
- total **11**
56
Emancipation
Freeing (slaves)
57
When was Emancipation Proclamation
1st January 1863
58
Reasons for emancipation
- **weakened** South - economy relied on slavery
- slaves would be freed if made it to southern Union forces, could join army
- **200,000** blacks joined army/navy by end of war
- boost **morale** - strong war aim (abolition)`
59
Effects of civil war
- changes to black lives
- sharecropping
- homefront
- changes to role of women
- economic effects
- conscription
60
How did civil war effect black lives
- **1862** - could join army, **10%** black army by 1865, paid less than whites
- black women could be nurses/spies/scouts
- **400,000** acres of land from Georgia + South Carolina plantations given to black families in **40** acres, given back after war
61
Sharecropping
- sharecropper gets land - owner gets half crops
- sharecropper buys food/clothes from owner with **credit**
- owner sells crops, sharecropper gets half minus credit debt
- landowner claims sharecropper owes more than he earnt
- sharecropper promises owner **greater share** of next years crop
62
Homefront
Civilian population during war
63
Effect of civil war on homefront
- loved ones could be put in refrigerated coffin for **$100**
- many **schools/churches** closed - especially in South where fighting was
- families draped **black cloth** over windows/doors if could afford - mourning
64
How did civil war effect roles of women
- **20,000** volunteer nurses, previously male job
- **Northern Ladies Aid** societies - baked for soldiers, went door-to-door for donations
- some **dressed** as men to fight
65
Economic effects of civil war
- overall US debt $65 million to **$2.7 billion**
- both sided spent **$3 billion** on army supplies
- Southern **inflation** - feeding small family for week **$6.45** to **$65.75**
- trade between North/South ceased
66
Anaconda Plan
- Union plan to cut off Southern food supplies
- **April 2nd 1863** - bread riots, **300** Southern women marched to Davies' mansion to loot/rob
- men supposedly ate **horses**
67
What did Anaconda Plan mean civil war became
Total war
68
Total war
War that goes beyond the battlefield
69
Conscription in civil war
- **80%** on both sides volunteers
- **1861** - **'war fever** - thousands rushed to join
- horrors became clear - people stopped volunteering
- conscription introduced - **1862** South, **1863** North
70
When was Mountain Meadow Massacre
7-11th September 1857
71
Causes of Mountain Meadow Massacre
- rumours Baker-Fancher party **poisoned** local water sources
- **religion** - Mormons believed in violent revenge against who they believe wronged the church
72
What happened at Mountain Meadow Massacre
Mormon militia + Paiute allies killed 120 emigrants from Baker–Fancher wagon train in southern Utah
73
Consequences of Mountain Meadow massacre
- Danite leader John D. Lee **executed**
- **1858** - agreement made with US gov - Utah would follow laws of wider US - **Mormons** pardoned.
- **1896** Utah ended polygamy, accepted into the Union
