Expansion: Opportunities and Challenges Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Areas of North America from East to West
A
- Appalachian Mountains
- Mississippi River
- Great Plains
- Black Hills
- Rocky Mountains
- Great Salt Lake
- Sierra Nevada Mountains
2
Q
North American borders
A
- Canadian
- Mexican
3
Q
Where is the Canadian Border
A
Top of North America
4
Q
Where is Mexican Border
A
Bottom of North America
5
Q
How many original colonies/states
A
13
6
Q
Examples of original colonies/states
A
- New York
- New Hampshire
7
Q
Types of frontier
A
- government
- natural
8
Q
Government frontier
A
Man-made boundary
9
Q
Natural frontier
A
Boundary that is nature
10
Q
What were the Plains covered in
A
Prairie
11
Q
Prairie
A
Grass
12
Q
What did the Plains lack
A
- water
- trees
13
Q
Weather of the Plains
A
- extreme heat
- extreme cold
14
Q
Length of Great Plains
A
500,000 square miles
15
Q
Which coast did European settlers live on at start of 1800s
A
East
16
Q
Who lived on Plains
A
Tribes of Native Americans (Indians)
17
Q
Animal attracting Indians to Plains
A
North American Byson - Buffalo
18
Q
How did buffalos help Plains
A
Woolly fur carried seeds + dispersed them across land
19
Q
Essential uses of buffalo
A
- food
- clothing
- shelter
- medicine
20
Q
Manifest destiny
A
Belief of European settlers that it is their providence to expand and take over entire of North America
21
Q
What did Europeans spread to achieve Manifest Destiny
A
- American way of living
- education
- technology
- religion
- farming + use of land resources
- way of government
22
Q
John O’Sullivan
A
First used term ‘manifest destiny’ in magazine in 1845, causing term to spread
23
Q
4 areas that needed to be conquered to complete destiny
A
- West California
- West Oregon
- South Texas
- Plains
24
Q
Nomads
A
People who constantly travel around, do not settle
25
How were Indians Nomads
- followed buffalo
- controlled by weather (e.g- Canadian border very cold in winter)
26
Polygamy
Practice of having more than one wives
27
Pagan
Not christian, worship nature
28
Reasons Indians went to Plains
- disease
- horses
- guns
- buffalo
29
Reasons Indians went to Plains - disease
- Indians had little disease resistance, went to Plains to get away from disease
- smallpox 1795 - wiped out 30/32 Arikara villages, killed about 3500/4000
- smallpox 1830 - about half of Indian population of Mississippi Valley died
30
Reasons Indians went to Plains - horses
- originally none in America
- Spanish invaders brought them in 16th century, Pueblo Indians of Mexico revolted against Spanish (1840), gaining many horses
- useful - transport to Plains, better hunt Buffalo
31
Reason Indians went to Plains - guns
- traders brought guns to America, went to enemies (Ojibwa)
- Indians went to Plains to get away from guns
32
Features of tipi
- conical shape - strong against wind
- 10-20 buffalo skins
- taken down for transportation in 10 mins (nomadic)
- strict rules - no passing over fire (rude)
- decorated with the men's battle scenes
33
Organisation of Indian tribes
Nations split into bands led by chief with council of elders + societies
34
Indian bands
- 10 per nation
- 300-500 people
35
Examples of Indian tribe soceties
- warrior
- quiller
36
Features of Indian warriors
- **feathers** of previous bravery
- 4-5 metre steel **lance**
- **coup stick** - touch enemies (count coup) to show bravery
- **amulet** around neck - spiritual protection
- **shield** of buffalo's neck skin
37
Buffalo dance
- danced in **circle**
- contacted spirits - ask for good luck in **hunting**
38
Buffalo jump
- **buffalo runners** dressed as wolves/coyotes
- caused buffalo to stampede off cliff in **drive line**
39
How long was buffalo jump used for
**5500** years until horses
40
How many buffalo hunts would there be
2/3 per year
41
Who organised hunts
Warrior societies
42
How did horses help buffalo hunts
- could kill **greater** number
- buffalo chase after horses, Indians kill with **arrow**
43
Dangers of buffalo hunting
Indians being trampled by buffalo/horse
44
Who butchered buffalo after hunt
Women/children
45
Non-essential uses of buffalo
- **dung** smoked at special ceremonies
- **horns** used for toys
46
Religion of Sioux
- God **Wakan Tanka** (Great Spirit)
- great flood, eagle helped girl survive, they had twins, twins had children
47
Stages of government policy towards Indians
- 1800 - negotiation
- 1830s - separation
- 1840s - confrontation
- 1851 - concentration/reservation
48
Negotiation relationship between Indians/government
**sovereign nations** - left other alone, occasionally negotiated
49
Bureau of Indian affairs
Set up **1924** within US **war** department to manage Indian relationship
50
Separation relationship between Indians/government
- **1830 Indian removal act** - Permanent Indian frontier across Missisipi
- Indians seen as under control of US
- **1838 Trail of Tears** - moving Indians across frontier, killing thousands of Indians
51
Confrontation relationship between Indians/government
- **1840-48** - 11,500 settlers move across Plains to California/Oregon
- few violent incidents but change in attitude
- **1849** - Bureau of Indian affairs moved to department of Interior to 'civilise' situation - set up reservations/school
52
Concentration/reservation relationship between Indians/government
- **1851 Indian Appropriations Act** - set up legally recognised reservations to 'protect' Indians
53
Why did Mountain Men move West
- to be **fur trapper**
- beaver fur traded as fashion luxury
- millions in **Rocky Mountains**
54
How many fur trappers by 1823
300
55
Dangers for Mountain Men
100,000 grizzly bears roaming Rockies
56
Push factors for going West
- **1837 economic crisis** - wages cut 40%, thousands unemployed, lost savings
- **living conditions** - overcrowding, dirty cities, disease
57
Pull factors for going West
- Mountain Men called in 'paradise'
- supposedly always sunny with very fertile land
- luxury stores of apples, wine, figs
58
Early pioneers
Thousands of families in wagons moving to California/Orgegon
59
Preparations for moving West
- **$1000** dollars on wagon + supplies
- enough food for journey + first winter in West
- 'Emigrants guide to Oregan and California' 1845 - 200 pounds of flour, 150 pounds of bacon
60
What was journey West like
- **800km**
- crossed mountains before snow arrived
- forts (Laramie + Boise) built by previous migrants with protection/supplies
61
Dangers of travelling West
- attacked/robbed by Indians
- camp fever
- extreme cold
62
Donner party
- took 'shortcut' from book - added **160km** to journey
- axel on wagon broke - stranded them for **5 months**
- **Christmas 1846** - cannibalism, flesh labelled so didn't eat own relatives
- **February** - rescued, survivors gone mad
63
How many died in journey West
20,000
64
Mormons
- religious group
- denomination of Christianity
- created by **Joseph Smith** in **1830**
- Mormonism - Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
65
Gentile
Mormon word for **non-Mormon**
66
where did mormoms do eastardly
- Palmrya, New York
- Kirtland,Ohio
- Missouri
- Nauvoo, Illinois
67
Mormons - what happened in Palmrya
- Angel **Moroni** told Smith of 2 golden plates with true Christian story only he could read, translated them to **Book of Mormon**
- created 'true' church
68
Mormons - why did they leave Palmrya
- church had more enemies than followers
- Christians thought they were **blasphemous**
- mobs targeted Smith's **house**
- followers **shot** in street
- fled **persecution**
69
Mormons - what happened in Kirtland
- **1000+** followers owned **mills/banks**
- number of Mormons outnumber gentiles
70
Mormons - why did they leave Kirtland
- gentiles jealous
- **1837** economic crisis - blamed Mormons
- chased out
71
Mormons - what happened in Missouri
- still unpopular
- took land
- supposedly corrupted slaves
72
Mormons - why did they leave Missouri
- gentiles rioted
- Missouri governor **Lilburn Boggs** sent troops to restore order
- Mormons blamed for disorder, issued **extermination** order
- fled in **1838**
73
Mormons - what happened in Nauvoo
- took over, became independent city state with temple
- **35,000** Mormons
- **4000** soldier
- **1844** - Smith visited by angel, said some Mormons could practice **polygamy**
- Mormons angry
- Smith shut down paper
- **jailed** by own people
74
Mormons - why did they leave Nauvoo
- Gentiles heard about polygamy + rumours of Smith running for president
- **June 27th 1845** - **200** gentiles attacked prison, killed Smith
- **Brigham Young** became leader - decided in **September** that Mormons would go West to Salt Lake City
75
Why did Young choose Salt Lake City
- isolated - Mormons could have own way of life in **peace**
- heard land was **fertile**
- belonged to **Mexico** - out of US gov control
76
How did Young prepare for journey
- **researched** route carefully
- organised **supplies**
- taught followers to **corall wagons**
- gave everyone **job**
77
Coralling wagons
- **circle** them for safe enclosure
- important as could be attacked by Indians, bears, Gentiles
78
Young's initial journey West
- **April 1847**
- **150** person pioneer bands left signs
79
How did Mormons travel West
- experienced trail **guides** - fastest/safest routes
- planted **potatoes** for future travellers
- gathered firewood/sticks as they walked
- **handcarts** carried belongings
- wagons in groups of **100 + captain**, divided into **10s + lieutenant**
- strict **discipline** - needed to make timings
80
Good relationship between Mormons and Native Americans
- Young met with Shoshone leaders
- Mormons used Indians for **knowledge** - water location, safe plants
- **traded** food/tools
81
Bad relationship between Mormons and Indians
- conflict - Mormons took resources needed by Shoshone
- **1852** - Mormons legalised **enslavement** of Indians + Black Americans
- slaves used to build new communities
- by **1857** - **400** enslaved Indians in Mormon homes
82
Problems Mormons faced in Salt Lake City
- water to **salty** for crops/drinking
- **hard** ground
- few **trees** for housing
- not enough **money** for poor Mormons moving West
83
How did Mormons deal with water being too salty
- **irrigation**
- built dams in creeks, dug ditches so water trickled into crops
84
How did Mormons deal with hard ground
**Watered** it to make it softer
85
How did Mormons deal with having few trees
- **adobe** - mud baked with straw
- broke wagons to make furniture
86
How did Mormons deal with not having enough money
**1849 perpetual emigration fund** - raised money for poorer Mormons migrating
87
How did Young help Mormons be self-sufficient
- each family given **half acre** of land for food
- teams of **craftspeople** supported building
- **square mile** of field around settlements for crops
- **barns** for storage
88
How did California Gold Rush affect US expansion
- California became state in **1850** as there were **60,000** living there
- many migrant farmers went to soil + climate + new farming businesses
- rapid economic development
89
How did California Gold Rush affect Chinese migrants
- **20,000** young men went from Guangdong to San Francisco
- many had large **debts** from trip so couldn't afford to go back
- hundreds of fascist **lynchings** from Euro-Americans, officers did nothing
- forced out of jobs - many went to work of **railroads**
- **1882** - gov banned Chinese immigration to US
90
How did California Gold Rush affect Indians
- prospecting in rivers killed **fish** - less food
- miners who didn't find gold took indigenous **territory**
- miners/settlers shot indigenous people 'in the way'
- settlers could legally **'adopt'** Indian children as workers
- **20,000** Indians killed in California 1848-1870
91
How did California Gold Rush affect environment
- prospectors dug up river beds, polluted rivers
- mining released toxic **chemicals** into water, killing fish + polluting water supplies
- **forests** cut down for wood buildings
92
Significance of California Gold Rush
- sped up development - turned California into **economic powerhouse**
- early mining towns became **major cities**
- after rush - miners became farmers/lawyers/doctors
- first **railroad** built from East to West
- miners courts/codes helped establish first **law + order** in West
- increased **conflict** between Indians/whites
