Consolidation: Forging the Nation Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
What did Republicans want in reconstruction era
A
- black rights and equality
- federal power
2
Q
What did democrats want in reconstruction era
A
- black rights
- sympathetic of South
- state power
3
Q
New leader of Democratic party
A
Andrew Johnson
4
Q
Andrew Johnson’s problem in parliment
A
He was president but Republican’s had majority - could do what they wanted
5
Q
Why was Andrew Johnson first impeached
A
Pardoned 13,000 ex-confederates
6
Q
Why was Andrew Johnson impeached for second time
A
- exceeding presidential powers
- tried to remove secretary of state for war - Henry Stanton
7
Q
Result of Johnson’s second impeachment
A
- 25 out of 44 voted againt
- not required 2/3
- remained president
8
Q
What did it mean to be a success in the reconstruction era
A
- improved lives
- improved equality
- brought country back together
9
Q
What did it mean to be a failure in reconstruction era
A
- made lives worse
- created inequality
- created conflict
10
Q
Amendment
A
Change
11
Q
US constitution
A
Supreme law of America for gov + people
12
Q
When was 13th amendment
A
1865
13
Q
13th amendment
A
Legally banned slavery in US
14
Q
13th amendment section 2
A
Congress could enforce laws if state against them
15
Q
Hat caused black codesfrom
A
Retaliation from South for 13th amendment
16
Q
Examples of black codes
A
- ex-slaves couldn’t marry whites
- ex-slaves couldn’t testify against whites in court
17
Q
Retaliation to black codes
A
Southern states threatened with reduced representation in congress if didn’t treat blacks equally
18
Q
When was 14th amendment
A
1866
19
Q
14th amendment
A
- gave everyone citizenship if born in US
- citizen of state + country as whole
- passed civil rights act
20
Q
When was 15th amendment
A
1869
21
Q
15th amendment
A
Gave ex-slaves suffrage regardless of race or previously being ex-slave
22
Q
How did democrats respond to 15th amendment
A
- thought it violated state power
- created loopholes
23
Q
Examples of southern state voting loopholes
A
- only vote if you read/write
- only vote if you own land
24
Q
Black success in reconstruction era
A
- opportunities to serve in union army
- black schools funded by church
- 600 blacks in state gov, few in congress
- 1890 - million black baptists in south
25
Origin of KKK
- 1866
- Tennessee
26
What did KKK do
- klansmen hid identities with white **robes**
- terrorism against blacks - **whipping/lynching**
27
How was KKK dealt with
- enforcement acts - illegal to wear disguises
- mass prosecutions in South Carolina in **1871** from new president **Ulysses** sent KKK underground
28
What did some blacks resort to to escape oppression
- **Exodus to Kansas**
- thousands went to plains to be farmers, cowboys, ranchers
29
Carpetbaggers
- **Northern Republicans**
- wanted blacks to have equal rights
- **moved south** to make money in new jobs/businesses
30
Scallywags
- **Southerners**
- supported Republican's beliefs **against slavery**
- as they were **unaffected** by emancipation/abolition - doctors/lawyers
31
Homesteaders
**Farmers** who are self-sufficient through agriculture (1860s onwards)
32
Pull factors for homesteaders going to Plains
- Homestead act
- Timer culture act
- easy migration
- cheap land
- flatcar tours
33
Homestead act
- **1862**
- gave **160 acres** of land free if farmed on for **5** years
34
Timber culture act
- **1875**
- further **160 acres** of land if **40 acres** planted with trees
35
Desert land act
Settlers could cheaply buy **640 acres** of land in areas lacking rainfall
36
Why was there easy migration for homesteaders
New railroads
37
Why was there cheap land for homesteaders
Railway companies sold land either side of lines
38
Flatcar tours
- organised by railway companies
- showed farming sites
- **persuaded** people to settle in Plains
39
Push factors for homesteaders going to Plains
- escaping racism
- escaping poverty
- persecution of Jewish/Amish (went to Dakota)
40
Oklahoma land rush
- **10,000** population in 1 day
- **5** banks, **6** newspapers, schools - in 1 month
- **'sooners'** - got best land and hid
- **'boomers'** - waited until legal time, went straight away
41
Filing fee for homesteaders claiming land
$10
42
What percent of US given away under homestead act
10%
43
Climate problems for homesteaders on Plains
- prairie fires
- little rain
- 400 tornadoes a year
44
Locust problem on Plains
- **3 trillion** locusts
- **1874** - **half** crops eaten by them
- block out sun
- **1892** - **half** population of Nebraska gone back East
45
How much wheat is farmed by homesteaders on Plains
**50 million** tonnes a year
46
What do Plains become by 10 years
Bread basket of country
47
How much were woodsmen paid on Plains per day
$3
48
What didn't happen as Plains towns grew so fast
Streets couldn't be named - given letters/numbers
49
Problems for Homesteaders on plains
- shortage of building materials
- water shortages
- ploughing crops
- protecting crops
50
How did homesteaders deal with shortages of building materials
- **sod houses** - mud cut by hand for blocks, windows/doors from dismantled **wagons**
- cheap + warm in winter but not resilient to wind
51
Why were there water shortages for homesteaders
- little **rainfall**
- couldn't **irrigate** like Mormons - no ditches
52
How did water shortages cause problems for homesteaders
- difficulty keeping clean
- crop failure --> bankruptcy, starvation
53
How did homesteaders deal with water shortages
- water pumps
- dry farming
54
Creation of water pumps
1874 - Daniel Holiday
55
How did Holiday's water pump work
- using **windmill**
- mill pumped water underground
- took advantage of Plains' strong winds
56
How did water pumps develop
Late **1870s** - strong wind powered water pumps for $25 for crops and houses
57
Dry farming
- plough land when there was heavy **rain**
- thin layer of **dust** onto land to seal moisture
- land left to **fallow** to soak water
58
Problem with ploughing crops
Ploughs would **break** due to rough land
59
How was problem with ploughing crops dealt with
**John Deere** made **sod buster** - plough strong enough to deal with grass roots
60
Problem with protecting crops
**Cattle** would destroy them
61
How was problem with protecting crops dealt with
- **1874** - Joseph Glidden made barbed wire to stop animals
62
How did Treaty of Fort Laramie number 2 cause Battle of Little Bighorn
- created great Sioux reservation with sacred **Paha Sapa** (Black Hills)
- agreed that no non-indigenous people other than Indian officials 'shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon or reside in' it
63
How did Custer cause Battle of Bighorn
- **1874** - led expedition into Black Hills, found **gold**, started rush
- **1875** - US gov tried to buy Hills for **$6 million**, Sitting Bull + other chiefs **refused**
64
What happened when Indians refused US gov purchase of Black Hills
US gov ordered Lakota + Cheyenne to return to reservations by **31st January 1876** or be considered **hostiles**
65
How did Indians respond to being ordered to go back to reservations
- bands of Lakota chiefs **Sitting Bull** + **Crazy Horse** didn't meet deadline
- said they were hunting as supplies were short - would return in **spring**
66
What happened when some Indians didn't go back to reservations
- US declared war on Indians
- **March 1876** - **800** soldiers attacked Cheyenne camp (troops thought it was Sitting Bull's)
- Cheyenne agreed to fight alongside Lakota
67
Sitting Bull's cermony
**Spring 1876** - vision of US soldiers 'falling like **grasshoppers**'
68
What was Battle of Little Bighorn known as in US
Custer's last stand
69
US Army's attack method
3 pronged attack
70
What were the 3 prongs
- General Crook advancing north
- Colonel Gibson advancing East
- Colonel Terry + Custer advancing West
71
What instructions did Custer have
**Wait** for Terry + Gibson before attacking Indian camp
72
What did Custer do with instructions
- **ignore** them
- wanted fame/glory so advanced to Indian camp with 7th cavalry **early**
73
Military strength of Lakota/Cheyenne at Battle of Bighorn
- **500+** warriors drove 110 cavalry soldiers led by Major Reno
- Crazy horse led **1000** soldiers against Custer's 210
- **Buffalo Calf** road woman - Knocked Custer off horse, all US soldiers dead in **half hour**
- had **Winchester repeating** rifles from traders
- final battle **hand to hand** - suited Indians, whites trained on horseback
- Indians motivated by 'grasshopper' vision
74
What did scouts at Little Big Horn do
- **25th June**
- found Sitting Bull's camp
- warned they'd never seen such **big** indigenous village
- advised **caution**
- **Mitch Bouyer** - 'If we go in then we will never come out'
75
What did Custer do with his 7th cavalry
- divided it into **3**
- sent off Major **Reno** + Colonel **Benteen** with **100** men each (didn't like them) - Custer had **210**
76
What did Custer turn down
- **180** extra men
- **gattling** guns
77
Why did Custer turn down men/guns
Wanted **heroic** cavalry charge
78
Where did Custer take his men
- marched through mountains **overnight**
- arrived alone, a **day** early
79
Why were Custer's men unprepared
- tired
- unsupported
- poor knowledge of area - couldn't cross **river**, overwhelmed by Crazy Horse attack
80
What happened to Reno + Benteen
- said they couldn't help Custer as they were overwhelmed
- eyewitnesses say they **watched** 'Custer's last stand' from afar
81
What did Custer bring to Battle of Little Bighorn
Newspaper reporter
82
How did gov resolve 'Indian problem' after 1865
- destruction of buffalo
- Dawes act
- assimilation policy
- assimilation through education
- Battle of Wounded Knee
83
Us gov destruction of buffalo
- originally **30 million** on plain, **85** by **1889**
- **8,000** killed a day
- **'Iron Horse'** railroads transported buffalo around country
- shot in **lungs** - die in 1 shot
- whites had honed gun skills in civil war
84
Other name for Dawes act
General Allotments act
85
When was Dawes act
1887
86
Dawes act
- divided Indian land into **160 acre** 'allotments' or **320** for livestock
- some land to Indians, some to whites
- land can't be sold/rented for **25 years**
- act **overuled** others
87
Assimilation policy
- Indians encouraged to live like **homesteaders**
- if Indians live apart from tribes + take on habits of civilised life - become US **citizen**, men could vote
- tribal culture lost meaning
- chiefs lost power
88
Assimilation through education
- residential schools ran by Bureau of Indian affairs
- strict military **discipline**
- Euro-American **uniform**
- **practical skills** - carpentry/sewing
- forbidden to speak their language + religious beliefs
89
Carlisle Indian Industrial School
- **1879 - 1918**
- Pennsylvania
- **10,000** Indian children over time
- set up by ex army lieutenant **Richard Pratt** - 'kill the Indian to save the man'
- **2/3** of original students - children of chiefs who fought against US army
90
Where did ghost dance originate from
- 1880
- Wovoka - Indian man
91
What was ghost dance supposed to do
Restore Lakota to former self
92
Why didn't Indian agents like ghost dance
Thought it was leading to uprising
93
How did Indian agents respond to ghost dance
Tried to arrest Sitting Bull
94
Attempted arrest of Sitting Bull
- **December 1890**
- **40** armed guards from newly formed Lakota police force
- protected by followers but **shot** (59)
95
Lakota police force
Group of assimilated Indians
96
What do Sitting Bull's followers do after his death
- go to South Dakota
- set up temporary camp - **Wounded Knee Creek**
97
What happens at Wounded Knee Creek
Wounded Knee Massacre
98
Wounded Knee Massacre
- **29th December 1890**
- US gov send **7th cavalry**
- **200** Lakota Indians killed - mostly women/children
- **50** shots fired a minute
99
Closing of Permanent Indian Frontier
- **1890**
- declared by Census Bureau
- fulfilled **manifest destiny**
100
How did closing of frontier affect Indian land
- 1887 - **154 million** acres
- 1934 - **48 million** acres
