Norman Church and Monasticism Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Divisions of Anglo-Saxon church
A
- 16 large areas called dioceses
- each controlled by bishop
- by 1066 - regions started to be divided into smaller areas - parishes
2
Q
Where were parishes based, why
A
- around local communities
- to be more involved in ordinary people’s lives
3
Q
Parish churches
A
- built in towns + villages
- each had priest to look after people in parish
4
Q
Roles of parish priests
A
- regular mass
- key ceremonies - baptism, burial
- got people to confess sins + repent
5
Q
What did King/nobles give to church
A
- patronage
- land
- precious objects
- protection from violence/robbery
6
Q
Who did nobility give to church
A
Second-born sons
7
Q
Why did nobility give second-born sons to church
A
- train as priests
- this helped church grow
- also reduced competition for land within nobility
8
Q
Why did nobles try control appointment of churchmen
A
- nepotism
- so they could give most valuable positions to relatives/followers
9
Q
What did churchmen give to patrons in return
A
- prayer
- for success on Earth + getting to Heaven
10
Q
Why did King need church’s support
A
- to legitimise claim to power
- thought ruler needed God’s support for success
11
Q
Problems with Anglo-Saxon church
A
- pluralism
- simony
- nepotism
- clerical marriage
- clergymen behaving badly
- corrupt archbishop
12
Q
Pluralism
A
Churchmen holding multiple religious offices at one time (church roles) - forbidden
13
Q
Problem with pluralism
A
People not focusing/dedicating properly
14
Q
Simony
A
Buying/selling church jobs
15
Q
Problem with simony
A
- makes church look corrupt
- unqualified people in ecclesiastical jobs
16
Q
Problem with nepotism
A
- makes church look corrupt
- unqualified people in ecclesiastical jobs
17
Q
Clergymen behaving badly
A
- having sexual relations
- becoming too wealthy
- so not devoted to God
18
Q
Clerical marriage
A
- churchmen meant to remain unmarried to dedicate lives to God
- many Anglo-Saxon churchmen had wives/mistresses
19
Q
Corrupt Saxon archbishop
A
- Stigand of Canterbury
- committed pluralism by holding position of Bishop of Winchester after become archbishop
20
Q
Norman church hierachy
A
- bishops
- archdeacons
- deans
- priests
21
Q
Similarities/differences with Norman dioceses
A
- still divided England into same dioceses
- reorganised certain dioceses - moved headquarters from rural area / small towns to larger towns
22
Q
Norman division of dioceses
A
Divided into smaller areas - archdeaconries
23
Q
Archdeaconries divisions
A
- deaneries
- parishes
24
Q
Norman bishop
A
- appointed by king - skilled + loyal administrators
- in charge of diocese
- held land
- provided knights for king
25
Norman archdeacons
- in charge of **archdeconry**
- helped bishop run diocese
- responsible to discipline/administration of their archdeaconry
26
Norman Dean
- in charge of **deanery**
- made sure priests in deanery followed religious law
27
Norman priests
**same** responsibilities as Saxon priests - parishes
28
Importance of archdeaconries
Made archdeacons (existed under Saxons) more **influential**
29
William I replacement of Saxon church leaders
- replaced most powerful figures in English church with his **supporters**
- some **forced** to leave post
- **waited** for some to step down
- **1087** - **1** Saxon bishop in England
30
William I replacement of Stigand
- **1070**
- replaced by Italian supporter - **Lanfranc**
31
William I replacement of lower level Saxon churchmen
- **didn't** replace them
- many Saxon monks
- most priests Saxon
32
Why did William replace Saxon church leaders
- needed **support** of them as they were powerful societal figures
- could influence people's opinions of Norman conquest
- much land + vital governing role
33
Church's justice system
- Lanfranc introduced **church courts**
- churchmen no longer tried in hundreds courts, tried separately
- avoided **secular interference**
- king could still **overule** - could cause conflict with King/church
34
Lanfranc background
- Italian scholar born in Pavia
- 1042 - moved to Normandy to be benedictine monk
- taught poor students in Bec Abbey
- 1066 - became abbot
35
How did Lanfranc centralise authority
- established **primacy of Canterbury**
- with King's support, made Archbishop of Canterbury primate (most powerful church role) of England
- made role more powerful than Archbishop of York
36
Consequences of Lanfranc centralising authority
- gave him more power
- made **future reforms** easier
37
How did Lanfranc impose discipline on church
- **councils**
- churchmen discussed aspects of religious law
- made decisions on how to tackle church problems
- **church courts**
38
How did Lanfranc deal with simony
Banned it
39
How did Lanfranc deal with pluralism
Banned it
40
How did Lanfranc deal with nepotism
Banned it
41
How did Lanfranc deal with clerical marriage
Banned it, except for those already married
42
How did Lanfranc deal with clergymen behaving badly
Made them take vows of **celibacy** and **poverty**
43
Norman rebuilding of churches
- within **50 years of invasion**
- work begun on rebuilding almost all major churches
- many parish churches also rebuilt
44
Norman style of churches, cathedrals, monastaries
Romanesque - emulate Roman rule
45
Romanesque features
- high arches
- wide columns
- symmetrical
- designed with crucifixion plan
46
Purpose of Norman churches
- supporting church = **serving God**
- visible/permanent symbol of Norman **dominance**
47
Abbot
Chief monk in monastery
48
How much land did Church hold by 1086
About 25%
49
How did William I build strong relationship with church
- very religious
- made large **donations** to churches/cathedrals
- oversaw construction of new **monasteries**
- supportive of reform idea
50
Why didn't William I remove Stigand straight away
- too **powerful** to be removed until England more secure
- could be used to **negotiate** with Saxons
51
Why did William I want to limit church's power
- didn't want **interference**
- could control church as Duke of **Normandy**, expected to do same as King of England
52
How did William I maintain control over church
- appointed churchmen **loyal** to him
- reserved right to **overrule** important decisions in church councils/courts
- controlled **communication** between England and Pope
53
Pope
Leader of church in Western Europe - extremely powerful
54
Investiture
Appointment of bishops/abbots
55
Papacy
Office of the pope
56
Investiture Controversy
- Pope **Gregory VII** wanted to prevent rulers choosing bishops/abbots, not lay rulers - should be chosen by church, free from secular influence
- **caused conflict** with rulers of England/France/Germany - all wanted control of their churches
- this was threatening to papacy's **authority**
- 1080 - **Henry IV** of Germany tried to remove Gregory VII as Pope
57
William I's relationship with papacy at time of Norman conquest
- **good**
- Pope **Alexander II** supported invasion - allowed him to march under **Banner of St Peter**
- 1070 - Pope's representatives **re-crowned** William to show support
58
William I's deteriorating relationship with church
- **1073** - **Gregory VII** becomes Pope
- William resisted his attempts to assert authority over England
- Gregory wanted William to swear **loyalty** to papacy + pay **Peter's Pence** annually, agreed payment, refused loyalty
59
Why did William I make agreements/compromises with Gregory's demands
Couldn't afford to make powerful enemy
60
How did William I change investiture
Wouldn't allow papacy to influence appointment of bishops/abbots - William appointed those loyal
61
Lanfranc's relationship with Pope
- **bad**
- Gregory VII objected to **primacy of Canterbury**
- refused to recognise Lanfranc's **increased authority** unless he went to Rome to submit to Pope - summoned many times, never went
62
How did William II use the church
Personal gain - to make money
63
How did William II make money from church
- **delayed** appointment of senior churchmen to take income
- Lanfranc died 1089 - didn't appoint another **Archbishop of Canterbury** until 1093, took archbishop's income for 4 years
64
William II's appointment of new Archbishop of Canterbury
- **1093**
- **Anselm**
- William fell ill, thought God would punish him if died with position vacant
65
Why is it difficult to know what William II was really like
- William had poor relationship with church
- many sources written by **monks** (who disliked him) **biased**
66
When did William II assert authority over church
1088 - trial of **William of Saint-Calais**
67
Who was William of Saint-Calais
- Bishop of **Durham**
- take part in Odo of Bayeux's **rebellion** of new king
68
How did William assert authority at trial of William of Saint-Calais
- William of Saint-Calais wanted to be tried in **church** court
- William II insisted on trial being in **king's** court
- William of Saint-Calais didn't attend trial
- land taken from him after other bishops/nobles supported king
69
How did William of Saint-Calais' trial cause conflict between William II and Pope
Pope asked for lands to be restored, William II **ignored** request
70
William II loyalty conflict with Anselm
- William thought Anselm's **ultimate authority** should be to king
- Anselm thought it should be to pope
- **1095 Council of Rockingham** - bishops/nobles told Anselm to obey king, he refused
71
William II council conflict with Anselm
- **1097**
- king refused to allow church from holding **councils** - stopped Anselm making important changes to church
- Anselm went to **Rome** for support of Pope - didn't return to England until William's death (1100)
- 1097 - Pope Urban II supported Anselm by threatening king with **excommunication**
72
Excommunication
- **exclusion from church** - you will go to Hell
- most severe religious penalty
73
William II papacy conflict with Anselm
- 2 rival claimants to papacy - Urban II or Clement III
- William initially **refused to support** either - took advantage of division to strengthen own power
- Anselm conflict - supported Urban II as rightful Pope
74
Which Pope claimant did William II eventually support
1095 - Urban II
75
Why did William II support Urban II as Pope
Urban agreed not to send representatives/letter to England without King's permission - limiting influence
76
Why were monasteries/abbeys so wealthy/powerful in 10th/11th centuries
- support of King + Nobility
- gave valuable **gifts** of land
77
How did Norman conquest affect Anglo-Saxon monasteries
- devastating impact
- easy **target** for Normans who took land/wealth
- some land went to monasteries in **Normandy**
- most claimed by **secular lords**
- then **built new** monasteries
78
Examples of Norman built monasteries
- William I - **Battle Abbey** on ground of Battle of Hastings
- Rodger of Montgomery - **Shrewsbury Abbey** on site of Saxon church in 1083
79
Why was Battle Abbey built
- Normans worried God would punish for violence of conquest - help them earn **forgiveness**
- symbol of **victory**
80
Why had some Saxon monasteries been abandoned
Due to Viking raid from 8th-10th centuries - e.g- Lindisfarne 793
81
What did Normans do to abandoned Saxon abbeys
**Refounded** - e/g- Whitby Abbey 1078
82
What did monks follow before 1066
Rule of St **Benedict**
83
Problem with Rule of St Benedict
Monasteries **interpreted** Rule differently - operated differently
84
Who were Cluniac monks
Monks from Abbey of Cluny - France
85
What did Cluniac monks do
**Reform** monasteries across Europe by making monks follow Rule of St Benedict more **strictly**
86
How did Norman conquest aid monastic reforms
- Normans **brought** Cluniacs' ideas to England
- William I **replaced** most Saxon abbots with Normans (Winchester + Glastonbury) more open to reform
- didn't get rid of Saxon monks but brought many from Normandy to join monasteries
87
How did Normans' openness to reform affect different groups of monks
Encouraged them to found monasteries in England
88
Examples of new kinds of monks in England under Normans
- Cluniacs
- Augustinians
89
William de Warenne
Founded Cluniac monastery at **Lewes**
90
Augustine monks
- followed rule of St **Augustine**
- 1090s - monasteries in Canterbury + Colchester
91
Anglo-Saxon monasteries layout
- **varied**
- number of churches differed
- only some had cloisters
92
Norman monasteries layout
- **standardised**
- single church with cloister attached
93
Cloister
4 covered walkways surrounding courtyard
94
What happened in cloister
- designed to let sunlight into **scriptorium** - place for reading/writing
- **meditation**
- religious **processions**
95
Buildings in a Norman monastery
- scriptorium
- dormitory
- refectory
- chapter house
96
Dormitory
Where monks **slept**
97
Refectory
Where monks had **meals**
98
Chapter house
Where monks had **meetings**
99
How did Normans build monasteries different to Saxons
- Saxons - wood
- Norman - **stone**
100
How did decor of monasteries differ
- cluniac - elaborate decorations
- some plain
- Saxon - richest ones had decorations like stained glass
101
Why were monks made to live away from people
- no distractions of ordinary life
- **devote** lives to God
102
Life of Benedictine monk
- 2am - wake up for first service
- 7pm - final service
- 8 services a day
- between services - manage supplies, read, write
- 2 meals a day - not meat
- discouraged from talking in day
- forbidden to talk at night
103
Monk service
- paying
- singing
- chanting religious songs
104
How did monastic services change under Normans
Changed contents
105
Response of Normans changing contents of monastic services
- **1083**
- group of Saxon monks at **Glastonbury** Abbey rebelled
106
Role of abbots is wider society
- influential, close to king
- major landholders - **service to king** like other lords
107
Role of ordinary monks in wider society
- helped **poor** in local area
- food
- medical care
108
Role of monasteries towards wider society
- **education**
- **culture** - works of art, literature, culture, music
109
Pilgrimage to monasteries
- often sites associated with saints or owned relics
- monks provided **accommodation** for pilgrims
110
Relics
Items believed to have belonged to **saint** - possessions or body parts
111
How did monasteries use relics
Sometimes charged **money** to see relics
112
How did Normans affect saints worshipped
- Normans had different traditions
- **preserved** existing saints to keep Saxons happy
113
Scribes
- monks
- copied out **existing** texts like Bible
- wrote **new** texts - Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
114
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
- accounts written by monks from 9th-12th century
- one of most **important** sources for modern historian studying Saxon/Norman England
115
How did monks produce books
- prepared **materials** - ink, parchment
- sometimes **illustrated** books - bright colours, decorated with gold
116
How many people could afford education
Very few - only wealthy families
117
How were people educated
- monastic schools
- at home with private tutor
- rare secular schools
118
How were children educated in monastic schools
- young boys sent at around **age 7**
- taught to **read/write** by monks, taught **Latin**
- learnt obediance/discipline
- some brought up to be monks
- some brought up to be government officials
119
How many of people educated were girls
Very few
120
How were the few girls educated
By nuns
121
Vernacular
Language used by ordinary people in particular area
122
Vernacular before 1066
- **Old English**
- dominant in speaking
- dominant in writing - government documents + religious texts
123
How did Vernacular of England differ to elsewhere
Unusual in rest of Western Europe
124
When did Old English become commonly used
Widespread since **9th** century
125
Spoken language of Normans
Old French
126
Written language of Normans
Latin
127
Spoken language of England after 1066
- majority - **Old English**
- Norman settlers - **Old French**
- Normans introduced many French **loanwords** into English
128
Written language of England after 1066
- **Latin**
- Royal documents initially in English to be understood
- then bilingual documents - English + Latin
- after **1070** - exclusively Latin
129
How did English monks write after Norman conquest
Mostly vernacular - Old English
130
What language was Anglo-Saxon Chronicle written in
Old English
