CONNECTIVE TISSUE MIDTERM

Question 1

are the most widespread and abundant type of tissue in the human body

Answer 1

Connective tissue

Question 2

provides a matrix that supports and
physically connects other tissues and cells together
to form the organs of the body

Answer 2

Connective tissue

Question 3

Its function is primarily to ______, ______, and _______

Answer 3

support, anchor, and connect various parts of the body

Question 4

Connective tissue has three basic structural components: ____, _____ and _____

Answer 4

cell, fibers, and intercellular substance

Question 5

_______ are derived from embryonic connective tissue or mesenchyme

Answer 5

Connective tissue

Question 6

_________ is derived primarily from the mesodermal germ layer of the developing embryo

Answer 6

Mesenchyme

Question 7

________ is known to give rise to some mesenchymal cells (ectomesenchyme)

Answer 7

ectodermal neural crest

Question 8

a very large and diverse group of tissues that encompasses all organs and body cavities connecting one part with another end

Answer 8

connective tissue proper

Question 9

very common and generally supports epithelial tissue that is also called _______

Answer 9

Areolar tissue / Loose connective tissue

Question 10

What are the preponderant cells and preponderant fibers of loose/ areolar connective tissue

Answer 10

fibroblasts and collagen

Question 11

these tissues are adapted to offer stress resistance and protection.

Answer 11

Dense connective tissue

Question 12

arranged according to a definite pattern, with fibers and fibroblasts aligned in parallel to resist prolonged and repeated stress exerted in the same direction.

Answer 12

Dense Regular connective tissue

Question 13

the bundles of collagen fibers appear randomly interwoven with no definite orientation

Answer 13

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 14

has abundant ground substance making it jellylike with sparse collagen fibers and scattered fibroblasts.

Answer 14

Mucoid or mucous connective tissue

Question 15

sparse, with few collagen fibers and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

Answer 15

Mesenchyme

Question 16

made up of delicate network of reticular fibers composed mainly type 3 collagen with attached specialized fibroblasts called reticular cells

Answer 16

reticular connective tissue

Question 17

serves as storage depots for neutral fats and as key regulators of body’s overall energy metabolism

Answer 17

Adipose tissue

Question 18

what are the preponderant cells and fibers of adipose tissue

Answer 18

adipocytes (fat cells) and reticular, collagen

Question 19

the hardest connective tissue. It protects body organs and providing support for organs and skeletal muscles

Answer 19

Bone

Question 20

________ are cells trapped in spaces called______

Answer 20

Osteocytes - lacunae

Question 21

Small canals called ________ contains blood vessel and are connections to bigger canals

Answer 21

canaliculi

Question 22

considered a connective tissue because it provides a transport system

Answer 22

Blood

Question 23

its extracellular matrix is composed of collagen and elastic fibers embedded in a gelatinous ground substance

Answer 23

cartilage

Question 24

______ are responsible in secreting fibers and ground substance which later become _______

Answer 24

Chondroblasts - chondrocytes

Question 25

What are the three types of cartilage

Answer 25

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

Question 26

are the key cells in connective tissue proper

Answer 26

Fibroblasts

Question 27

consists largely of viscous ground substance with few collagen fibers

Answer 27

Mesenchyme

Question 28

are undifferentiated and have large nuclei, with prominent nucleoli and fine chromatin

Answer 28

Mesenchymal cells

Question 29

Fibroblasts involved in wound healing, sometimes called ________, have a well-developed contractile function and are enriched with a form of actin also found in smooth muscle cells.

Answer 29

myofibroblasts

Question 30

__________ the most common cells in connective tissue proper, produce and maintain most of the tissue’s extracellular components

Answer 30

Fibroblasts

Question 31

storage of lipid as neutral fats, or less commonly for the production of heat.

Answer 31

Adipocytes

Question 32

Storage of neutral fats

Answer 32

Adipocytes

Question 33

Extracellular fibers and ground substance

Answer 33

Fibroblasts (fibrocytes

Question 34

Antibodies

Answer 34

Plasma cells

Question 35

Various immune/defense functions

Answer 35

Lymphocytes (several types)

Question 36

Modulate allergic/vasoactive reactions and defense against parasites

Answer 36

Eosinophilic leukocytes

Question 37

Phagocytosis of bacteria

Answer 37

Neutrophilic leukocytes

Question 38

Phagocytosis of ECM components and debris; antigen processing and presentation to immune cells; secretion of growth factors, cytokines, and other agents

Answer 38

Macrophages

Question 39

Pharmacologically active molecules (eg, histamine)

Answer 39

Mast cells and basophilic leukocytes

Question 40

are oval or irregularly shaped cells of connective tissue, between 7 and 20 μm in diameter, filled with basophilic secretory granules that often obscure the central nucleus

Answer 40

Mast cells

Question 41

Macrophages derive from precursor cells called ________

Answer 41

monocytes

Question 42

Monocytes formed in the yolk sac during early embryonic development circulate and become resident in developing organs throughout the body, comprising a group of related cells called the _______

Answer 42

mononuclear phagocyte system

Question 43

________ a sulfated GAG that acts locally as an anticoagulant

Answer 43

Heparin

Question 44

which promotes increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction

Answer 44

Histamine

Question 45

which activate various mediators of inflammation

Answer 45

Serine proteases

Question 46

which attract those leukocytes

Answer 46

Eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors

Question 47

polypeptides directing activities of leukocytes and other cells of the immune system

Answer 47

Cytokines

Question 48

precursors, which are converted to prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and other important lipid mediators of the inflammatory response.

Answer 48

■ Phospholipid

Question 49

Release of certain chemical mediators stored in mast cells promotes the allergic reactions known as __________

Answer 49

immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Question 50

are lymphocyte-derived, antibody-producing cells. These relatively large, ovoid cells have basophilic cytoplasm rich in RER and a large Golgi apparatus near the nucleus that may appear pale in routine histologic preparations

Answer 50

Plasma cells

Question 51

Collagen and reticular fibers are both formed by proteins of the collagen family, and elastic fibers are composed mainly of the protein _______

Answer 51

elastin

Question 52

is the most abundant protein in the human body, representing 30% of its dry weight

Answer 52

Collagen

Question 53

are short collagens that link fibrillar collagens to one another (forming larger fibers) and to other components of the ECM.

Answer 53

Linking/anchoring collagens

Question 54

is a local swelling caused by abnormally large amounts of collagen that form in scars of the skin. Keloids occur most often in individuals of African descent and can be a troublesome clinical problem to manage. Not only can they be disfiguring, but excision is almost always followed by recurrence.

Answer 54

keloid

Question 55

) preparations but are characteristically stained black after impregnation with silver salts (Figure 5–12) and are thus termed

Answer 55

argyrophilic

Question 56

are also thinner than the type I collagen fibers and form sparse networks interspersed with collagen bundles in many organs, particularly those subject to regular stretching or bending.

Answer 56

Elastic fibers

Question 57

In the wall of large blood vessels, especially arteries, elastin also occurs as fenestrated sheets called

Answer 57

elastic lamellae

Question 58

three major kinds of macromolecules:

Answer 58

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.

Question 59

are long polymers of repeating disaccharide units, usually a hexosamine and uronic acid.

Answer 59

GAGs

Question 60

The largest and most ubiquitous GAG is

Answer 60

hyaluronan

Question 61

The four major GAGs found in proteoglycans

Answer 61

dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfates, keratan sulfate, and heparan sulfate

Question 62

consist of a core protein to which are covalently attached various numbers and combinations of the sulfated GAGs.

Answer 62

Proteoglycans

Question 63

is the key proteoglycan in all basal laminae.

Answer 63

perlecan

Question 64

is very large (250 kDa), having a core protein heavily bound with chondroitin and keratan sulfate chains

Answer 64

aggrecan

Question 65

is a 235-270 kDa dimer synthesized largely by fibroblasts, with binding sites for collagens and certain GAGs, and forms insoluble fibrillar networks throughout connective tissue

Answer 65

fibronectin

Question 66

Integrin-microfilament complexes are clustered in fibroblasts and other mesenchymal cells to form structures called

Answer 66

focal adhesions

Question 67

is the excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in connective tissue. This water comes from the blood, passing through the capillary walls that become more permeable during inflammation and normally produces at least slight swelling.

Answer 67

edema

Question 68

produced by plasma proteins such as albumin, which draws water back into the capillaries

Answer 68

osmotic pressure

Question 69

of the blood caused by the pumping action of the heart, which forces water out across the capillary wall

Answer 69

hydrostatic pressure

Question 70

is common, forming a layer beneath the epithelial lining of many organs and filling the spaces between fibers of muscle and nerve

Answer 70

Loose connective tissue

Question 71

bundles of collagen fibers appear randomly interwoven, with no definite orientation.

Answer 71

dense irregular connective tissue

Question 72

is characterized by abundant fibers of type III collagen

Answer 72

reticular tissue

Question 73

is the principal component of the fetal umbilical cord, where it is referred to as Wharton’s jelly

Answer 73

Mucoid (or mucous) connective tissue

Question 74

) has relatively more ground substance than collagen, and it typically surrounds small blood vessels and occupies areas adjacent to other types of epithelia.

Answer 74

Loose connective tissue

Question 75

is a gel-like connective tissue with few cells found most abundantly around blood vessels in the umbilical cord.

Answer 75

Mucoid tissue

Question 76

are short-lived cells that differentiate from B lymphocytes and are specialized for the abundant secretion of specific antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Answer 76

Plasma cells

Question 77

also originate from blood cell precursors and are filled with granules for the release of various vasoactive agents and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions.

Answer 77

■ Mast cells

Question 78

are short-lived cells that differentiate in connective tissue from precursor cells called monocytes circulating in the blood; they function in ECM turnover, phagocytosis of dead cells and debris, and antigen presentation to lymphocytes

Answer 78

Macrophages