URINARY SYSTEM FINALS

Question 1

a protease important for regulation of
blood pressure by cleaving circulating angiotensinogen
to angiotensin I

Answer 1

Secretion of renin

Question 2

a glycoprotein growth factor that stimulates erythrocyte production in red marrow
when the blood O2
level is low;

Answer 2

Secretion of erythropoietin

Question 3

where nerves enter, the ureter exits, and blood and
lymph

Answer 3

hilum

Question 4

Within
the hilum the upper end of the ureter expands as the _______ and divides into two or three major _____

Answer 4

renal pelvis and calyces

Question 5

a darker stained region with many round corpuscles and
tubule cross sections

Answer 5

renal cortex

Question 6

reabsorbs sodium through aldosterone

Answer 6

lack of sodium

Question 7

reabsorbs water through antidiuretic hormone or arginine vasopressin

Answer 7

lack of water

Question 8

consisting
mostly of aligned linear tubules and ducts

Answer 8

renal medulla

Question 9

The
renal medulla in humans consists of 8-15 conical structures
called

Answer 9

renal pyramids

Question 10

Each
pyramid plus the cortical tissue at its base and extending along
its sides constitutes a

Answer 10

renal lobe

Question 11

The tip of each pyramid, called the

Answer 11

renal
papilla

Question 12

what is the normal blood ph?

Answer 12

7.35-7.45

Question 13

7.35

Answer 13

alkalosis

Question 14

7.45

Answer 14

acidosis

Question 15

release hydrogen into urine

Answer 15

acidic blood

Question 16

release bicarbonate into urine

Answer 16

basic blood

Question 17

Each kidney contains 1-4 million functional units called

Answer 17

nephrons

Question 18

an initial dilated part enclosing a tuft
of capillary loops and the site of blood filtration, always
located in the cortex.

Answer 18

Renal corpuscle,

Question 19

a long convoluted part, located
entirely in the cortex, with a shorter straight part that
enters the medulla.

Answer 19

Proximal tubule

Question 20

, in the medulla, with a
thin descending and a thin ascending limb.

Answer 20

loop of henle

Question 21

consisting of a thick straight part ascending from the loop of Henle back into the cortex and a
convoluted part completely in the cortex.

Answer 21

Distal tubule

Question 22

a short minor part linking the
nephron to collecting ducts.

Answer 22

Connecting tubule

Question 23

e is an inherited disorder in which
normal cortical organization of both kidneys is lost due to the
formation of multiple, large, fluid-filled cysts.

Answer 23

Polycystic kidney disease

Question 24

Around the renal pelvis, these
arteries branch further as the _________ which
extend between the renal pyramids toward the corticomedullary junction

Answer 24

interlobar arteries

Question 25

Here the interlobar arteries divide again to form the ______, which run in an arc along this junction at the base of each renal pyramid

Answer 25

arcuate arteries

Question 26

which divide to form a plexus of capillary loops called the

Answer 26

glomerulus

Question 27

Blood leaves the glomerular capillaries, not via venules, but via

Answer 27

efferent arterioles

Question 28

which at once branch again to form another capillary network, usually the

Answer 28

peritubular capillaries

Question 29

parallel tassel-like bundles of capillary loops called the

Answer 29

vasa recta

Question 30

, by which water and solutes in the blood leave the vascular space and enter the lumen of the nephron.

Answer 30

Filtration

Question 31

by which substances move from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumens, usually after uptake from the surrounding interstitium and capillaries.

Answer 31

Tubular secretion

Question 32

by which substances move from the tubular lumen across the epithelium into the interstitium and surrounding capillaries

Answer 32

Tubular reabsorption

Question 33

At the beginning of each nephron is a renal corpuscle, about 200 μm in diameter and containing a tuft of glomerular capillaries, surrounded by a double-walled epithelial capsule called the

Answer 33

glomerular (Bowman) capsule

Question 34

. Between the two capsular layers is the

Answer 34

capsular (or urinary) space,

Question 35

Each renal corpuscle has a

Answer 35

vascular pole

Question 36

where the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) begins

Answer 36

tubular pole

Question 37

The visceral layer of a renal corpuscle consists of unusual stellate epithelial cells called

Answer 37

podocytes

Question 38

From the cell body of each podocyte several

Answer 38

primary processes

Question 39

Spanning adjacent pedicels and bridging the slit pores are zipper-like

Answer 39

slit diaphragms

Question 40

Slit diaphragms are modified and specialized occluding or tight junctions composed of

Answer 40

nephrins

Question 41

is an indicator of many potential kidney disorders.

Answer 41

Proteinuria

Question 42

In addition to capillary endothelial cells and podocytes, renal corpuscles also contain

Answer 42

mesangial cells

Question 43

small branches are called _________ arise from the MAJOR CALYCES

Answer 43

MINOR CALYCES

Question 44

established by the nephron loop and vasa recta is an important aspect of renal physiology in humans

Answer 44

countercurrent multiplier system