Connective Tissues Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Proteoglycans are different from other glycoproteins because _____.
A
the GAG chains can be up to 95% of their mass.
2
Q
________ function in bone resorption and remodeling
A
Osteoclasts
3
Q
_____ and _____ derive and differentiate from monocytes.
A
Macrophages; osteoclasts
3
Q
There are at least ____ different alpha collagen chains encoded by human genes.
A
25
3
Q
_____ appears to help organize the elastin elements in the fiber.
A
Fibrillin
4
Q
The ECM controls cell _____, _____, and ______.
A
proliferation, differentiation, metabolism
5
Q
The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of ____, _____, and _____.
A
structural fibers, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides
5
Q
The ____ includes the prominent thick epimysium (outer covering) of the muscles.
A
deep fascia
6
Q
______ are the pre-eminent cells of most connective tissues in the body.
A
Fibroblasts
6
Q
______ are capable of smooth muscle-like function.
A
Myofibroblasts
8
Q
The connective tissues near the body surface form a nearly continuous compartment of relatively loose and easily dissected tissue called _____.
A
superficial fascia
8
Q
Each collagen molecule is composed of _____ that form a fairly rigid rope-like _____.
A
three intertwined polypeptide chains; triple helix
8
Q
Blood and lymph capillaries, as well as nerves, are typically abundant in _____.
A
loose connective tissue
9
Q
What are the 3 steps of wound healing?
A
1) Inflammation and blood clotting 2) New tissue formation 3) Tissue remodeling
10
Q
Mesenchymal cells are precursors to all of the ______.
A
connective tissue family members
11
Q
_____ is an abundant component of fibrillar collagen.
A
Collagen Type I
12
Q
Hyaluronic acid is not attached to a _____.
A
protein core
12
Q
______ is a hallmark of diseases such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease (inflammatory bowel diseases), rheumatoid arthritis, stomach ulcers, and several skin disorders.
A
Chronic inflammation
13
Q
_____ and _____ are the cells that make bone.
A
Osteoblasts; osteocytes
14
Q
_____ are the cells that make cartilage.
A
Chondrocytes
14
Q
Chondrocytes are the cells that make _____.
A
cartilage
15
Q
Mesenchymal cells primarily function in _____.
A
embryogenesis
15
Q
Macrophages and osteoclasts derive and differentiate from ______.
A
monocytes
17
Q
The ______ consists of structural fibers, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides.
A
extracellular matrix (ECM)
17
Macrophages are large “engulfing” cells that \_\_\_\_\_.
phagocytose
17
Cytokines are secreted by ______ and \_\_\_\_\_.
white blood cell derivatives; fibroblasts
18
Fibroblasts can differentiate into other connective tissue cell types such as \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
1) adipocytes 2) smooth muscle cells 3) chondrocytes 4) osteoprogenitor cells
20
\_\_\_\_\_ surround and permeate all of the organs of the body.
Loose and dense connective tissues
21
\_\_\_\_\_ are large “engulfing” cells that phagocytose.
Macrophages
22
\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ______ are relatively high in loose connective tissues.
Cell densities; ground substance components
22
\_\_\_\_\_ contain thick collagen fibrils that are very abundant relative to ground substance, and have a low number of cells.
Dense connective tissues
23
Adipocytes are derivatives of _____ and/or primitive \_\_\_\_\_.
fibroblasts; mesenchymal cells
24
\_\_\_\_\_ are synthesized on the ER and translocated during synthesis to the ER lumen.
Collagen polypeptides
25
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are different from other glycoproteins because the GAG chains can be up to 95% of their mass.
Proteoglycans
26
The deep fascia includes the prominent thick _____ of the muscles.
epimysium (outer covering)
27
\_\_\_\_\_ are found in connective tissues that require a contractile function.
Myofibroblasts
27
The _____ are clinically important because their levels in urine and blood are used to diagnose important connective tissue and bone disease.
N-telo peptides
28
\_\_\_\_\_ is a filamentous protein that exists in a predominantly random coil conformation.
Elastin
29
These cells are often generated at the site of wounds where their contractile function contributes to retraction and shrinkage of scar tissue.
Myofibroblasts
29
Lymphocytes are central to _____ to foreign organisms/viruses/materials.
acquired immunity
30
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are phagocytic cells that are derived from blood monocytes and are very similar to \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Osteoclasts; macrophages
31
Elastic fibers contain the proteins ____ and _____ that assemble into stretchable and resilient fibers and sheets.
elastin; fibrillin
32
Mast cells differentiate from \_\_\_\_\_.
basophils
33
Macrophages have several important physiological functions, including \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
i) phagocytossis (ii) angiogenesis (iii) remodel damaged tissue (iv) remodel normal developing tissue and organs as part of their morphogenesis
33
Neutrophils and eosinophils are important for \_\_\_\_\_\_.
defense against microorganisms
33
Collagen polypeptides are synthesized on the ____ and translocated during synthesis to the \_\_\_\_.
ER; ER lumen
35
What are immigrant blood-derived cells?
white blood cells that are produced from hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and then migrate from blood into connective tissue
36
\_\_\_\_\_ differentiate from basophils.
Mast cells
37
The cells found in connective tissues are of two general categories: _____ and immigrant blood-derived cells.
Core “resident” cells of the CT family
38
Collagen Type I is an abundant component of \_\_\_\_\_.
fibrillar collagen
39
\_\_\_\_\_ are derivatives of fibroblasts and/or primitive mesenchymal cells.
Adipocytes
41
Loose and dense connective tissues surround and permeate all of the ____ of the body.
organs
42
These collagens form very thin fibers and assemble into interlaced networks that form porous sheets.
Network-forming collagen
43
\_\_\_\_\_ can differentiate into other connective tissue cell types such as adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, chondrocytes, and osteoprogenitor cells.
Fibroblasts
44
What allows the ECM to resist large compression forces?
a high swelling (turgor) pressure
44
Numerous _____ can signal long distance to hematopoietic tissue to stimulate productions of more white blood cells.
cytokines
45
Collagen Type IV is a common component of the network-forming sheets in \_\_\_\_\_.
the basal laminae
46
\_\_\_\_\_\_ decorate the surfaces of collagen fibrils and are thought to link collagen fibrils.
Fibril-associated collagen
48
The ECM controls epithelial cell \_\_\_\_.
polarization and shape
49
Network-forming collagen is found in the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
basal laminae
50
\_\_\_\_\_ are central to acquired immunity to foreign organisms/viruses/materials.
Lymphocytes
50
\_\_\_\_\_ are the most abundant structural fibers of the ECM.
Collagen fibers
50
Each _____ is composed of three intertwined polypeptide chains that form a fairly rigid rope-like triple helix.
collagen molecule
50
What is the ground substance?
a hydrated aqueous gelatinous material that holds the fibers
51
The ______ can be arranged in parallel-organized sheets, such as in ligaments and tendons.
dense CT collagen bundles
52
Fibril-associated collagen decorate _____ and are thought to ____ collagen fibrils.
the surfaces of collagen fibrils; link
53
Proteoglycans contain a protein core attached to very large acidic polysaccharides called \_\_\_\_\_\_.
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
53
These molecules can function as selective sieves by forming gels of varying pore sizes
GAGs
55
The ECM controls \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and _____ of tissue structure.
formation, organization, and modification
56
Myofibroblasts are capable of \_\_\_\_\_.
smooth muscle-like function
58
\_\_\_\_\_ are the central CT cell type that makes the components of the extracellular matrix of most connective tissues.
Fibroblasts
59
\_\_\_\_\_\_ secreted by mast cells is thought to promote endothelial permeabilization.
Histamine
61
\_\_\_\_\_ are important in edema and allergic hypersensitivities.
Mast cells
62
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a common component of the network-forming sheets in the basal laminae.
Collagen Type IV
64
Mast cells are important in _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
edema; allergic hypersensitivities
65
Malignant metastatic tumors are believed to co-opt inflammatory processes to \_\_\_\_\_.
promote their continued growth and vascularization
66
Connective tissues (CT) function to provide ____ and _____ for the specialized tissues of organs.
mechanical strength; support
67
What are mast cells?
secretory cells
68
\_\_\_\_\_ are glycosylated and hydroxylated on selected amino acid residues.
Collagen polypeptides
70
Connective tissues (CT) function to _____ that contact the connective tissue matrix (the ECM).
control the behavior and functions of cells
71
\_\_\_\_\_\_ primarily function in embryogenesis.
Mesenchymal cells
73
Osteoclasts are ______ that are derived from blood ______ and are very similar to macrophages.
phagocytic cells; monocytes
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is not attached to a protein core.
Hyaluronic acid
75
Superficial fascia contains \_\_\_\_\_.
several distinct layers of connective tissue
76
\_\_\_\_\_ produce the fibrous proteins, proteoglycans, and other components of the ECM.
Fibroblasts
78
\_\_\_\_\_ are secretory cells that, when stimulated by immune responses, release various substances, including vasodilators.
Mast cells
79
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of diseases such as \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_.
ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease (inflammatory bowel diseases), rheumatoid arthritis, stomach ulcers, and several skin disorders
80
Cell densities and ground substance components are relatively high in \_\_\_\_\_.
loose connective tissues
82
Osteoblasts and osteocytes are the cells that \_\_\_\_\_.
make bone
84
The cells found in connective tissues are of two general categories: Core “resident” cells of the CT family and \_\_\_\_\_.
immigrant blood-derived cells
85
Connective tissues (CT) function to conduct and control the exchange of \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_.
nutrients; metabolites; signaling ligands
86
GAGs are long polymers of \_\_\_\_\_.
carbohydrate molecules (polysaccharides)
88
Fibroblasts are the pre-eminent cells of \_\_\_\_\_.
most connective tissues in the body
89
\_\_\_\_\_ are found where tissues must resist strong shear forces in particular directions.
Dense CT collagen bundles
91
\_\_\_\_\_ aggregate to form fibers of varying sizes and organizations.
Collagen proteins
92
\_\_\_\_\_ are precursors to all of the connective tissue family members
Mesenchymal cells
93
Name the 3 components of the ECM.
1) Structural fibers 2) ground substance 3) other extracellular macromolecules
95
What are immigrant blood-derived cells important for?
defense against infection by viruses and microrganisms, tissue damage, and allergic hypersensitivities
96
\_\_\_\_\_ contain a protein core attached to very large acidic polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).
Proteoglycans
97
Fibroblasts produce \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and other components of the ECM.
the fibrous proteins, proteoglycans
98
Name the 7 core “resident” cells of the CT family.
1) Mesenchymal cells 2) Fibroblasts 3) Myofibroblasts 4) Adipocytes 5) Osteoblasts 6) Chondrocytes 7) Some smooth muscle cells
98
The ______ of collagen are cleaved by specific proteases.
N- and C-termini
99
The ECM provides a defense against \_\_\_\_\_.
infectious agents
101
Macrophages are also critical regulatory cells that _____ and _____ numerous extracellular signals.
secrete; respond to
102
Collagen is synthesized and modified ______ and then secreted and further modified \_\_\_\_\_.
intracellularly; extracellularly
103
Macrophage-produced signals have numerous functions that include \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
1) angiogenesis 2) immune cell migration and function 3) fibroblast activation 4) blood vessel permeability
104
Name the 5 immigrant blood-derived cells.
1) Lymphocytes 2) Macrophages 3) Neutrophils and eosinophils 4) Mast cells 5) Osteoclasts
105
\_\_\_\_\_\_ produce the extracellular matrix (ECM).
Connective tissues
105
\_\_\_\_\_ are long polymers of carbohydrate molecules (polysaccharides).
GAGs
107
Myofibroblasts are derived from \_\_\_\_\_\_.
fibroblasts
109
The N-telo peptides are clinically important because their levels in urine and blood are used to \_\_\_\_\_.
diagnose important connective tissue and bone disease
110
Connective tissues (CT) function to control the behavior and functions of cells that \_\_\_\_\_.
contact the connective tissue matrix (the ECM)
111
There are at least 25 different _____ encoded by human genes.
alpha collagen chains
113
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are also critical regulatory cells that secrete and respond to numerous extracellular signals.
Macrophages
114
Collagens are post-translationally modified (\_\_\_\_\_ and ______ on selected amino acid residues)
glycosylated; hydroxylated
115
The dense CT collagen bundles can be arranged in \_\_\_\_\_, such as in _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
parallel-organized sheets; ligaments; tendons
116
These are white blood cells that are produced from hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and then migrate from blood into connective tissue
immigrant blood-derived cells
117
\_\_\_\_\_ are derived from fibroblasts.
Myofibroblasts
118
Osteoclasts function in _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
bone resorption; remodeling
119
\_\_\_\_\_ are secreted by white blood cell derivatives and fibroblasts.
Cytokines
120
Dense connective tissues contain ______ that are very abundant relative to ground substance, and have a low number of \_\_\_\_\_.
thick collagen fibrils; cells
121
What is a fibril?
a large bundle of collagen molecules
122
Fibroblasts are the central CT cell type that makes the components of the _____ of most connective tissues.
extracellular matrix
123
Histamine secreted by ______ is thought to promote \_\_\_\_\_\_.
mast cells; endothelial permeabilization
124
The ECM guides and regulates \_\_\_\_\_.
cell migration through the matrix
125
Name 3 properties of GAGs are relevant to their function.
1) highly negatively charged 2) Their rigid extended structure causes them to readily form gels 3) Some proteoglycans can also bind to and inactivate or activate other proteins
127
\_\_\_\_ controls epithelial cell polarization and shape.
The ECM
128
\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ______ are important for defense against microorganisms.
Neutrophils; eosinophils
129
What is the significance of the negative charge on GAGs?
they are very hydrophilic (attract lots of water)
130
Connective tissues produce the \_\_\_\_\_.
extracellular matrix (ECM)
131
\_\_\_\_\_\_ contain thin collagen fibrils that are relatively sparse and are arranged in irregular lattices.
Loose connective tissues
132
The ECM controls ____ and _____ due to injury.
inflammation; repair
133
Loose connective tissues contain _____ that are relatively sparse and are arranged in \_\_\_\_\_.
thin collagen fibrils; irregular lattices
