Mitochondria

Question 1

The central space of mitochondria is known as ______.

Answer 1

matrix

Question 1

_____ works by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and inhibiting ATP production.

Answer 1

Arsenic

Question 2

What does TIM stand for?

Answer 2

translocase of inner membrane

Question 2

Name the 2 fission GTPases.

Answer 2

Fis1 and Drp

Question 2

In the absence of a proton gradient, ATP synthase is converted into _____.

Answer 2

ATPase

Question 3

ATP synthase consists from two main parts, ____ and ____.

Answer 3

F1; F0

Question 3

Cell damage induces ______ of the outer mitochondria membrane.

Answer 3

Bak/Bax-dependent permeabilization

Question 4

The initial stages of glucose degradation occur in the _____.

Answer 4

cytosol

Question 4

F1 protein complex is bound to ____ and is an _____.

Answer 4

F0; enzyme that makes ATP

Question 6

The ______ of the inner membrane is greatly increased by a large number of infoldings known as cristae.

Answer 6

surface area

Question 7

Name 4 cellular GTPases the mitochondria uses.

Answer 7

Mfn and OPA1 (fusion), Fis1 and Drp (fission)

Question 7

____ uses the energy of proton movement through the channel to generate ____.

Answer 7

F0; ATP

Question 8

Fusion plays a key role in ______.

Answer 8

repairing damaged mitochondria.

Question 9

What does TOM stand for?

Answer 9

translocase of outer membrane

Question 10

What gene is mutated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2A?

Answer 10

Mfn2

Question 11

Fission is required for ______.

Answer 11

mitophagy

Question 13

Mitochondria can occupy up to ____ of cell volume.

Answer 13

25%

Question 13

Transport through ____ is passive, while transport through ____ is ATP-dependent.

Answer 13

TOM; TIM

Question 13

Several mitochondrial proteases, such as mAAA, iAAA, and Lon, are responsible for _______.

Answer 13

recognizing and degrading misfolded proteins

Question 13

Mutations in mitochondria fusion machinery causes _____ and _______.

Answer 13

autosomal dominant optic atrophy; Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2A

Question 14

A mutation in _____ causes hereditary spastic paraplegia.

Answer 14

mAAA protease

Question 15

In the absence of a ______, ATP synthase is converted into ATPase.

Answer 15

proton gradient

Question 16

The surface area of the inner membrane is greatly increased by a large number of infoldings known as _____.

Answer 16

cristae

Question 16

Damaged mitochondria generate excessive amounts of _______.

Answer 16

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Question 17

Several \_\_\_\_\_\_, such as mAAA, iAAA, and Lon, are responsible for recognizing and degrading misfolded proteins.

Answer 17

mitochondrial proteases

Question 18

What is mitophagy?

Answer 18

fusion with a healthy mitochondria

Question 19

F0 uses the energy of ______ through the channel to generate ATP.

Answer 19

proton movement

Question 21

Name the 2 fusion GTPases.

Answer 21

Mfn and OPA1

Question 23

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is required for mitophagy.

Answer 23

Fission

Question 24

The energy released from NADH is stored both as ______ and a \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 24

an electric potential; proton concentration gradient

Question 24

An ______ activates caspases.

Answer 24

apoptosome

Question 25

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plays a key role in repairing damaged mitochondria.

Answer 25

Fusion

Question 26

Mfn and OPA1 (fusion), as well as Fis1 and Drp (fission), are all \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 26

cellular GTPases

Question 27

An apoptosome activates \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 27

caspases

Question 28

Mutations in ______ causes autosomal dominant optic atrophy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2A.

Answer 28

mitochondria fusion machinery

Question 29

Several mitochondrial proteases, such as \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_, are responsible for recognizing and degrading misfolded proteins.

Answer 29

mAAA, iAAA, and Lon

Question 31

The terminal stages of glucose degradation that involves oxygen occurs in the ________ and is called oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 31

mitochondria

Question 33

The majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 33

nucleus

Question 35

\_\_\_\_\_\_ consists from two main parts, F1 and F0.

Answer 35

ATP synthase

Question 38

The _______ in the animal cells are fatty acids and glucose.

Answer 38

principal sources of ATP

Question 40

Transport through TOM is \_\_\_\_\_\_, while transport through TIM is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 40

passive; ATP-dependent

Question 42

During respiration in the mitochondria, _____ are released from NADH and transferred to ___ to form H2O.

Answer 42

electrons; O2

Question 42

\_\_\_\_\_\_ binds to several cytpolasmic proteins forming a protein complex known as the apoptosome.

Answer 42

Cytochrome c

Question 43

What does ROS stand for?

Answer 43

reactive oxygen species

Question 44

Arsenic works by inhibiting ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 44

oxidative phosphorylation; ATP production

Question 45

The principal sources of ATP in the animal cells are ____ and \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 45

fatty acids; glucose

Question 46

The _____ of mitochondria is known as matrix.

Answer 46

central space

Question 46

What does Bak/Bax-dependent permeabilization lead to?

Answer 46

cytochrome c release

Question 47

Cytochrome c binds to several ______ forming a protein complex known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 47

cytpolasmic proteins; apoptosome

Question 48

The ______ is stored both as an electric potential and a proton concentration gradient.

Answer 48

energy released from NADH

Question 49

A mutation in mAAA protease causes \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 49

hereditary spastic paraplegia

Question 50

Fussion and fission are both dependent on \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 50

cellular GTPases

Question 52

Ischemic injury results in MPTP-dependent permeabilization of \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 52

inner and outer mitochondria membranes

Question 54

\_\_\_\_\_\_ results in MPTP-dependent permeabilization of inner and outer mitochondria membranes.

Answer 54

Ischemic injury

Question 55

\_\_\_\_\_ spans the inner mitochondria membrane and forms a proton channel.

Answer 55

F0 protein complex

Question 56

What gene is mutated in autosomal dominant optic atrophy?

Answer 56

OPA1

Question 57

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ generate excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Answer 57

Damaged mitochondria

Question 58

ATP is transported out of mitochondria via the \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 58

ATP-ADP antiporter

Question 59

The terminal stages of glucose degradation that involves oxygen occurs in the mitochondria and is called \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 59

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 60

Ischemic injury results in ______ of inner and outer mitochondria membranes.

Answer 60

MPTP-dependent permeabilization

Question 61

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is bound to F0 and is an actual enzyme that makes ATP.

Answer 61

F1 protein complex

Question 62

F0 protein complex spans\_\_\_\_\_ and forms \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 62

the inner mitochondria membrane; a proton channel

Question 63

Where does electron transfer occur?

Answer 63

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 64

During respiration in the mitochondria, electrons are released from _____ and transferred to O2 to form \_\_\_\_.

Answer 64

NADH; H2O