Consciousness and brain activity L2

Question 1

consciousness medical definition=

Answer 1

the state of being aware and responsive

Question 2

what can levels of consciousness be plotted as

Answer 2

Awareness vs responsiveness

Question 3

what cortex is involved in awareness and attention

Answer 3

parietal cortex

Question 4

locked in syndrome=

Answer 4

fully conscious but paralysed

Question 5

most common cause of loss of consciousness world wide

Answer 5

malaria

Question 6

3 parts of assessment

Answer 6

Airways
breathing
cardiac output

Question 7

what can be used to assess consciousness

Answer 7

glasgow coma scale

Question 8

3 things Glasgow coma scale uses

Answer 8

eyes (4)
verbal response (5)
Motor response (6)

Question 9

minimun score of glasgow coma scale

Answer 9

3

Question 10

maximum score of glasgow coma scale

Answer 10

15

Question 11

6 motor levels

Answer 11

none
decerebrate 
decorticate
withdraws 
localizes 
obeys

Question 12

5 verbal levels

Answer 12

none
incomprehensible 
inappropriate
confused 
appropriate

Question 13

4 eye levels of eye opening

Answer 13

none
to pain
to verbal command
spontaneous

Question 14

what is a moderate to server score

Answer 14

9-11

Question 15

what score is not in a coma

Answer 15

above 9

Question 16

critical score=

Answer 16

8

Question 17

above 12=

Answer 17

minor injury

Question 18

brain stem death definition

Answer 18

irreversible loss of the capacity for consciousness + irreversible capacity to breath

Question 19

what must the criteria for brain stem death not be caused by

Answer 19

depressant drugs
primary hypothermia
reversible endocrine, circulatory and metabolic disturbances

Question 20

6 tests for brainstem death

Answer 20

pupil response
corneal reflex
vestibular-occular reflex 
cranial nerve motor response 
cough/ gag reflex
respiratory effort

Question 21

brain stem areas essential for consciousness (2)

Answer 21

reticular activating system (RAS)

cerebral cortex

Question 22

what is the reticular activating system

Answer 22

a collection of nuclei found throughout the midbrain and extends into the hind brain and spinal cord

Question 23

another name from the reticular activating system

Answer 23

Diffuse modulatory system

Question 24

name 4 nuclei of the RAS

Answer 24

locus coeruleus
Raphe nuclei
ventral tegmental area
cholinergic nuclei

Question 25

where is locus coerulus

Answer 25

pons

Question 26

neurotransmitter of locus coerulus

Answer 26

noradrenaline

Question 27

when is the locus coerulus active

Answer 27

arousal novel stimuli mediates sympathetic effects of stress

Question 28

Disorders of locus coerulus

Answer 28

anxiety, panic , PTSD

Question 29

where are Raphe nuclei

Answer 29

midline midbrain, pons and medulla

Question 30

neurotransmitter of raphe nuclei

Answer 30

serotonin

Question 31

role of Raphe nuclei

Answer 31

projections help regulate circardian rhythm | and pain inhibition

Question 32

disorders of Raphe nuclei

Answer 32

depression | OCD

Question 33

where is the Ventral tegmental area

Answer 33

ventral regions of midbrain

Question 34

where does the ventral tegmental area project to

Answer 34

frontal cortex and limbic system

Question 35

what does the ventral tegmental area do

Answer 35

reinforces pleasurable sensations

Question 36

disorders of ventral tegmental area

Answer 36

addiction | schizophrenia

Question 37

2 cholinergic nuclei

Answer 37

basal forebrain nuclei | dorsolateral pontine nuclei

Question 38

neurotransmitter of cholinergic nuclei

Answer 38

Acetyl choline

Question 39

what is the activated role of the cholinergic nuclei

Answer 39

states of arousal induce wakefulness and REM sleep learning and memory

Question 40

disorders of Cholinergic nuclei

Answer 40

Alzeimers amnesia dementia

Question 41

what area is associated with sleeping sickness

Answer 41

posterior hypothalamus damage

Question 42

when awake what fibres fire

Answer 42

increased cholinergic fibre firing

Question 43

when asleep what do fibres do

Answer 43

decreased cholinergic fibre firing

Question 44

In wakefulness what need to happen to the thalamus

Answer 44

stimulate the thalamus and inhibit the inhibitory effect of the reticular nucleus

Question 45

3 neurons that cause oscillations in EEG

Answer 45

Thalamocortical reticular corticothalamic

Question 46

2 main stages of sleep

Answer 46

Non- REM sleep | REM sleep

Question 47

which type of sleep is synchronised

Answer 47

non-REM sleep

Question 48

which type of sleep is desynchronised

Answer 48

REM sleep

Question 49

REM=

Answer 49

rapid eye movements

Question 50

what type of frequency does REM cause

Answer 50

high frequency in EEG

Question 51

another word for REM sleep

Answer 51

paradoxical sleep

Question 52

which sleep is associated with dream

Answer 52

REM sleep

Question 53

where do neurons in the retina project to

Answer 53

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the thalamus

Question 54

what does SCN secrete

Answer 54

vasopressin

Question 55

what does vasopressin do in the brain

Answer 55

indirectly modulates the pineal gland to release melatonin

Question 56

what is melatonin

Answer 56

a sleep promoting neurohormone

Question 57

when does melatonin levels rise

Answer 57

just before a person is about to go to sleep

Question 58

rare sleep disorder=

Answer 58

Narcolepsy

Question 59

what does fMRI measure

Answer 59

glucose uptake in the brain