Physiology of stress and anxiety L6

Question 1

stress=

Answer 1

any condition that actually or potentially poses a challenge to the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis

Question 2

2 types of stress

Answer 2

Eustress

Distress

Question 3

what is Eustress

Answer 3

mild stress that is useful

Question 4

what is Distress

Answer 4

unpleasant or disease producing stress

Question 5

what is a stressor

Answer 5

any stimulus that produces a stress response

Question 6

external stressor=

Answer 6

physical environment
social interactions
life events

Question 7

internal stressor=

Answer 7

lifestyle choices
negative self talk
mind

Question 8

psychosocial events

Answer 8

unemployment
marriage/ divorce
work

Question 9

physiological events

Answer 9

blood loss
low blood glucose
surgery

Question 10

what is the general adaptation syndrome

Answer 10

physiological responses to stressors in an attempt to regain homeostasis

Question 11

3 responses in the stress response

Answer 11

Alarm phase
Resistance phase
Exhaustion phase

Question 12

short term stress response

Answer 12

stress—> Cerebral cortex—> hypothalamus–> sympathetic NS–> adrenal medulla—> catecholamines

Question 13

longterm stress response uses

Answer 13

HPA axis

Question 14

what phase is the short term stress response

Answer 14

alarm phase

Question 15

what is the short term stress response controlled by

Answer 15

catecholamines (NA and A) released by the adrenal medulla

Question 16

name general effects of sympathetic NS (4)

Answer 16

mobilisation of glucose
increased:
HR, 
RR,
energy use

Question 17

what phase is the HPA axis

Answer 17

resistance/ adaptation phase

Question 18

HPA axis=

Answer 18

hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 19

what does the hypothalamus release

Answer 19

CRH

corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 20

what does CRH do

Answer 20

activates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH

Question 21

ACTH=

Answer 21

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 22

where does ACTH travel to

Answer 22

adrenal glands

Question 23

what does ACTH do to the adrenal glands

Answer 23

stimulates cortisol release

Question 24

what is cortisol

Answer 24

glucocorticoid

Question 25

what does Cortisol do (5)

Answer 25

``` Lipid released into the blood amino acids/ proteins released from muscles increased blood glucose Aldosterone release immuno suppresent ```

Question 26

where is aldosterone released from

Answer 26

adrenal cortex

Question 27

what does aldosterone do

Answer 27

causes retention of sodium, increased water retention, increased Bp

Question 28

what are Glucocorticoids

Answer 28

a group of hormones of the adrenal cortex released during stress

Question 29

effect of stress on sex hormone

Answer 29

junior docs have less testosterone

Question 30

why have an exhaustion phase

Answer 30

resources of the body become so depleted that they cannot sustain the resistance phase

Question 31

what is the amygdala involved in

Answer 31

the fear response

Question 32

what does activation of the amygdala central nucleus cause

Answer 32

-long and short term stress response periaqueductal grey matter diffuse modulatory system

Question 33

what does activating the periaqueductal grey matter do

Answer 33

avoidance behaviour

Question 34

what does the diffuse modulatory system do

Answer 34

increased vigilance

Question 35

what suppresses the stress response

Answer 35

Hippocampal activation

Question 36

what stimulates the stress response

Answer 36

amygdala

Question 37

what can injecting cortisol enhance

Answer 37

memory

Question 38

what does stress enhance

Answer 38

memory

Question 39

what is acute stress effect on the immune system

Answer 39

can up regulate immune system

Question 40

what is chronic stress effect on the immune system

Answer 40

immunosuppression (mediated by glucocorticoids)

Question 41

what can glucocorticoids be used to treat

Answer 41

arthritis

Question 42

anxiety=

Answer 42

inappropriate expression of fear

Question 43

typical anxiety symptom (4)

Answer 43

tension overactivity of ANS upset stomach impending doom

Question 44

generalised anxiety=

Answer 44

ongoing state of anxiety lacking reason or focus

Question 45

panic disorder=

Answer 45

brief periods of intense terror and apprehension (panic attack)

Question 46

panic attack symptoms (5)

Answer 46

``` shortness of breath hyperventilation heart palpitations chest pain numbness/ tingling fingers ```

Question 47

phobias=

Answer 47

strong fears of specific things or situations

Question 48

OCD=

Answer 48

intrusive thoughts cause anxiety, compulsions neutralise the anxiety

Question 49

PTSD

Answer 49

anxiety triggered by recall of past stressful experiences

Question 50

in PTSD what is reduced in size

Answer 50

hippocampus

Question 51

In PTSD what has abnormal activation

Answer 51

Amygdala

Question 52

treatment of anxiety

Answer 52

psychological | pharmacological

Question 53

drug that reduces anxiety short term

Answer 53

Benzodiazepines

Question 54

e.g of Benzodiazepines

Answer 54

Diazepam (valium) temazepam clonazepam

Question 55

Benzodiazepines mechanism

Answer 55

GABA agonists

Question 56

e.g of SSRI

Answer 56

Prozac (fluoxetine)

Question 57

SSRI=

Answer 57

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Question 58

mechanism of SSRI

Answer 58

prolonged action of serotonin by blocking reuptake

Question 59

e.g of B-adrenoreceptor agonist

Answer 59

propanolol

Question 60

what do Beta blockers do

Answer 60

reduce physiological symptoms