Neurotransmitter and brain pathways L4

Question 1

criteria to be a neurotransmitter

Answer 1

• must be synthesised or present in presynaptic neurone
• must produce response in postsynaptic membrane
• must be a mechanism for removal

Question 2

2 main subdivisions of neurotransmitter

Answer 2

Small molecule neurotransmitter

neuropeptide

Question 3

type of vesicles small molecules are transported in

Answer 3

small clear vesicles

Question 4

type of vesicles neuropeptides are transported in

Answer 4

large dense core vesicles

Question 5

what do small molecules transmit

Answer 5

fast transmission

Question 6

what do neuropeptides transmit

Answer 6

slow synaptic signalling

Question 7

which formation is faster for neurotransmitter

Answer 7

neuropeptide

Question 8

cholinergic neurons=

Answer 8

acetylcholine

Question 9

Glutamatergic neurone=

Answer 9

Glutamate

Question 10

GABAergic neurones=

Answer 10

GABA

Question 11

Catecholaminergic neurones=

Answer 11

noradrenaline
adrenaline
dopamine

Question 12

serotonergic neurones=

Answer 12

serotonin

Question 13

peptidergic neurones=

Answer 13

peptides

Question 14

2 types of receptor

Answer 14

ionotropic receptors

metabotropic receptor

Question 15

what are ionotropic receptors

Answer 15

the receptor has an ion channel and binding NT leads to opening (fast transmission)

Question 16

what are mechanotropic receptors

Answer 16

receptors coupled to transmembrane protein leads to an effect within the cell

Question 17

most common NT in PNS=

Answer 17

acetylcholine

Question 18

what receptors does acetyl choline act on

Answer 18

nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 19

what can death of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain cause

Answer 19

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 20

how to treat alzheimer’s

Answer 20

ACHE (acetylcholineesterase) inhibitor

Question 21

what enzyme synthesises Acetyl choline synthesis

Answer 21

ChAT (choline acetyltransferase)

Question 22

3 amino acid neurotransmitters

Answer 22

Glutamate, GABA and glycine

Question 23

main excitatory neurone in the brain=

Answer 23

Glutamate

Question 24

what is glutamate broken down into

Answer 24

glutamine

Question 25

what converts glutamine to glutamate

Answer 25

Glutaminase

Question 26

how is glutamine removed from the synaptic cleft

Answer 26

glutamate transporters on presynaptic transporters and gilia cells

Question 27

what can happen if you lack glutamate transporters

Answer 27

motor neurone disease, epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease

Question 28

3 main glutamate receptors

Answer 28

AMPA NMDA Kainate

Question 29

what can antagonising AMPA and NMDA treat

Answer 29

epilepsy

Question 30

main inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS (2)

Answer 30

GABA | Glycine

Question 31

what is the precursor for GABA

Answer 31

Glutamate

Question 32

what coverts Glutamate to GABA

Answer 32

GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)

Question 33

what resorbs GABA/ Glycine

Answer 33

Transporters found on glial cells and presynaptic neurons

Question 34

2 type of GABA receptors

Answer 34

GABA-A | GABA-B

Question 35

what can agonising GABA receptors treat

Answer 35

Epilepsy

Question 36

e.g of GABA agonist

Answer 36

Diazepam

Question 37

what drug can increase GABA in the brain

Answer 37

sodium valproate

Question 38

how does GABA work

Answer 38

it hyperpolarises the cell

Question 39

Glycine synthesis=

Answer 39

serine which is converted to glycine

Question 40

how is glycine reabsorbed

Answer 40

by glial cells on presynaptic neurone

Question 41

where is serine derived from

Answer 41

Glucose

Question 42

glycine main role

Answer 42

major spinal cord/ brainstem inhibitory Neurotransmitter

Question 43

name 3 biogenic amines

Answer 43

Noradrenaline adrenaline dopamine

Question 44

what is the main precursor for biogenic amines

Answer 44

Tyrosine

Question 45

what can tyrosine be converted into

Answer 45

L-dopa

Question 46

What coverts L-dopa into dopamine

Answer 46

dopa decarboxylase

Question 47

what can dopamine be converted into

Answer 47

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 48

what breaks down Biogenic amines (2)

Answer 48

MAOa | MAOb

Question 49

what does MAOa break down (oxidises)

Answer 49

serotonin and NE

Question 50

What does MAOb breakdown (oxidises)

Answer 50

dopamine

Question 51

3 dopamine systems in the brain

Answer 51

Mesolimbic Mesocortical Nigrostriatal

Question 52

2 dopamine receptors

Answer 52

D1 | D2

Question 53

what does D1 receptors include

Answer 53

D1 and D5

Question 54

what does D2 receptors include

Answer 54

D3 and D4

Question 55

where is Noradrenaline found

Answer 55

locus coeruleus

Question 56

what does Noradrenaline play a role in the brain in

Answer 56

sleep, attention and feeding

Question 57

decreased Noradrenaline--->

Answer 57

depression

Question 58

increased Noradrenaline--->

Answer 58

Mania

Question 59

what is serotonin synthesised from

Answer 59

tryptophan (meet and diary)

Question 60

where is serotonin found

Answer 60

Raphe nuclei

Question 61

serotonin plays a role in

Answer 61

mood, emotions and sleep

Question 62

how is serotonin stored in vesicles

Answer 62

same monoamine transporter VMAT as catecholamines

Question 63

how is serotonin reabsorbed

Answer 63

SERT (serotonin transporter)

Question 64

how is serotonin broken down

Answer 64

by MAO

Question 65

what can serotonin be metabolised to become

Answer 65

melatonin

Question 66

what are drugs called that inhibit SERT

Answer 66

SSRIs

Question 67

E.g of a SSRI

Answer 67

Escitalopram