conservatism Flashcards

Question

what do traditional conservatives say about hireachy?

Answer 1

an organic society has to be organised as a hierarchy because people are not equal e.g in terms of their ability and work rate. Different jobs are rewarded differently depending on the contribution that they make.

Answer 2

-authority conservativism does contend that authority develops naturally or organically in much the same way as society. this form of authority operates in a top down manner, shapes relations between the different social groups and permeates all social instions. authority does reside with political leaders, employers, mangers, teachers. -they argue that authority does perform a vital and positive function providing humans with security, direction and support. Authority does promotes social cohesion. the leadership exercised by those in authority is an example to be admired, respected and accepted. -alot would assert that actions of people holding authority are limited by natural responsibilities that accompany their privileged position.

Answer 3

it is the traditional conservative belief that government should be conducted by those best equipped to lead and make decisions through birth, inheritance and upbringing. paternalism is strongly linked to conservative views on hierarchy, order and organic society.. it does represent a form of benign power exerted from above the state that governs in the interest of the population as a whole. one nation conservativism softened this action..

Answer 4

natural aristocracy presided over society alot like a farther did over his family the social elites does provide leadership because of its innate or hereditary abilities just as a farther exercises authority, ensures protection and provides guidance.

Answer 5

-skills and talents cannot be obtained by hard work or self improvement. those at the top have a duty to care for the lower social ranks. wisdom and experinece of paternalistic leaders confer natural authority as they known what is best for the rest of society. these leaders were drawn from aristocratic elite that had been educated in the values of social obligation and publi service. the cecil family and stanely family a good example of high born paternalistic conservative political leaders.

Answer 6

-one nation paternalistic conservativism has relied on government regulation of the economy, and social welfare measure to improve conditions for the poorest in society. -david cameron did call on paternalism when he called for compassionate conservativism.

Answer 7

-does reject the idea of paternalism -based partly on free market economics, neo liberalism does aim to reduce the size of the state so that the unregulated market can generate a more dynamic and efficient economy leading to increased growth and prosperity. -from this perspective government intervention in the economy or state control undermines human initiative and enterprise, resulting in economic stagnation.. -the neo liberal faith in individualism does challenge conservative notion of paternalism. -by stressing the importance of self help individual, responsibility and personal initiative, neo liberals view welfare programmes and social reform negatively,, -in their view they promote a dependency culture among poorer people and undermine the free market.

Answer 8

he New Right, however, rejects paternalism, suggesting that government intervention in the economy leads to inefficient outcomes for all, and that the welfare state saps people’s motivations and promotes a ‘dependency culture’, where people rely on state ‘handouts’ rather than working for themselves.

Answer 9

Paternalism is strongly seen in the One Nation tradition, where the state had a responsibility to look after those who were least well-off in society. -by the mid 20th centaury one nation conservatism had added a middle way economic approach to social reform in its pursuit of paternalistic policies. -moderate conservative government of the 1950s and 1960s did steer a course between free market economics and state planning, on the ground that the former led to social fragmentation and failure to protect the poorest, while the latter stifled individual initiative and Entreprenurial flair. -economic policy combined government regulation and market competition to produce, in the word of harlo Macmillian private enterprise without selfishness. -however there were limits to paternalism in a sense that improving conditions for poorer groups was motivated by a desire to strengthen hierarchical nature

Answer 10

-does emphasis the right of individuals to liberty, advocating only minimal state intervention in the lives of citizens. -liberatarism with its emphasis on maximum economic freedom and minimal government regulation in social affairs, provides a rival conservative core value to paternalism

Answer 11

-burk advocated free trade and a market economy on the ground that such arrangements were efficient, just and natural.

Answer 12

- associated with the policies of uk conservative prime minister Margret thatcher and us president Ronald Regan neo liberalism reject state intervention and champions the free market economy. it does fundamentally oppose Keynesian style demand management and welfare programmes. -according to neo liberals economists the free market is the only mechanism that can efficiently supply good and services on the basis of consumer demand. -they justify there opposition to state intervention by calling for individual liberty, personal freedom can only be guaranteed by rolling back the state particularly social welfare programmes. -neo liberal objection to the state is partly economic and partly moral

Answer 13

traditional conservatives say a hierarchy is a functional necessity because different people have to do different jobs and are rewarded differently (in pay and status) depending on contribution that they make. hierarchy ensures that everyone works together harmoniously for the overall health of the social body. -traditional conservatism does defend he established order in society based on a commitment to organicism, hierarchy and paternalism.

Answer 14

Throughout the ages, conservatives have believed that the existence of a hierarchy facilitates an organic society[1] which evolves naturally according to the needs of society. Only a natural evolving process can ever secure our fundamental need for stability.

Answer 15

edmund Burke’s ‘Reflections on the Revolution in France.’ Burke warned against the consequences of seeking to impose abstract ideals and ignoring the importance of tradition within French society. -Without a sense of hierarchy, society itself could collapse. People from all walks of life have a part to play in the maintenance of society and – in the words of the seminal conservative philosopher Edmund Burke – we should “love the little platoon in society to which we belong.”

Answer 16

Authority means the ability / power / right to give orders, make decisions and enforce compliance with those decisions and laws. It is usually associated with the existence of a person or organisation, such as a government, that has political or administrative control and power. According to conservatives, without a sense of hierarchy and respect for authority, society would descend into a state of anarchy

Answer 17

- Thomas Hobbes. He argued that without order we would revert to a state of nature in which life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.” It would also be characterised by “a war of all against all.” -In order to prevent this, Hobbes argued in favour of a “Leviathan” whose authority would develop from the people themselves. Crucially, Hobbes claimed that a Leviathan would be prevented from becoming a tyrant because he – like everyone else – wished to preserve a state of affairs most favourable to himself.

Answer 18

During the Enlightenment, the Scottish philosopher David Hume argued that the most satisfactory form of government would be based upon uniform and general laws. He believed that such a government was most likely to please those living under its command.

Answer 19

-one aspect of neo conservatism is a concern about the nation a desire to strengthen national identity in the face of perceived threats form within and without. - the value of the nation from their perspective is that it binds together giving it a common culture and civic identity, which is stronger for being rooted in history and tradition. -national patriotism does strengthen political will -the most significant threat from the nation is multiculturalism which does weaken the bond of nationhood by threatening political community and creating the spectre of ethnic and racial conflict. -neoconservative have been in the forefront of campaigners for stronger control on immigration and sometimes for a privileged status to be granted to the host of community culture.

Answer 20

it is the idea that in a society there should be a positive endorsement of communal diversity, based on the rights of different cultural groups to recognition and respect. -most of the anti immigration nationalist backlash against multiculturalism draws from essentially conservative assumptions. -they say there objection to it is that shared values and common culture are a necessary precondition for a stable and successful society.

Answer 21

-has led to people from diffrent cultural groups leading seperate lives in sergegated communtiies. -conservatives do agrue that human beings are limited , dependent and secuirty seeking. -they fear diversity and are drawn to others that share the same lifestyle, customs and shared values as themselves. -multicultalrism is based on the recognition and celebration of diffrence which does directly clash with human nature. there can be no diveristy within unity as multicultural societies would lead to sergegation, conflcit and instability. -conservatives would say that immigration has increased this concern and recent immigrants do not idenitty with the traditions and politcal outlook of the state, leading to a weakening sense of national identity.

Answer 22

- an increase in multiculturalism will lead to a rise in resentment among the majority population. treating all creatures as equal will damage the culture of the majority community leading to hostility driven by fear. -david cameron did argue "We have even tolerated segregated communities behaving in ways that run counter to our values" . In France, President Sarkozy made this point even more clearly in 2011 when he claimed. "We have been too concerned about the identity of the person who is arriving and not enough about the identity of the country that is receiving him".

Answer 23

-it is the idea that the culture and belief of immigrants should be mixed with the culture and beliefs of the host nation. -argument in favour of integration is that this stops there being a host nation culture and a seperateimmigrant culture, but instead culture is mixed or integrated. it does mean that the culture of the country is continually revised.

Answer 24

conservative critics of integration do say that those who argue for a new and inclusive national identity that is not based on national traditions are in fact detemring the history and culture of the majority. -they assert that critics of those against integration do seek to demonise the culture of the host nation by associating it with a history colonisation, racism, and exploitation which makes the host nation look bad -conservative critics of integration complain that by favouring minority right in promoting the interest of minorities a situation is created in which reverse discrimination is expected by the majority. -enoch powells river of blood speech does highlight his racial hatred.

Answer 25

-assimilation is the process of affecting the relationship between diffrent social groups in a one way direction -in assimilation the minoirty gorups are expected to adopt the values and bleief of the majoirty.. -according to conservatives assimilation does create the strong homogenised national identity necessary for civic unity. -cultural differences are reduced by forcing minorities to adopt the customs and beliefs of the majority

Answer 26

it is defined as support for those who face vulnerability and improvement.. such support can be for preferable circumstances for example unemployment or illness welfare especially that delivered through the welfare state supports people who are in work and out of work.

Answer 27

-welfare is important for reasons of equity and efficiency. protecting the vunerable and impoverished is important as a moral imperative. society should support those in hardship. it is to some extent unfair to deny people resources and oppounities to have a reasonable standard of living or experience social mobility. -it can also help people overcome the challenges that they face and it can allow them to become financially independent, thereby reducing the burden upon public finances in the long run an widening the talent pool available for uk businesses.

Answer 28

-support for welfare is low. in contrast ot the high levels fo support enjoyed by other major areas of publci spending such as the nhs the propotion of public idetitying welfare as a first or secodn spending prioirty for goverment is down from 13% in 1990 to 5% in 2012. according to bright blue report 69 per cent of conservative voters do agee that welfare benefits are too generous, compared to only 25 per cent of laboru vote and 25 per cent of liberal democract.

Answer 29

a series of reforms have been implemented to try to reduce the size of the welfare budget the government welfare budget has increase in recent decades, no costing 120 billion a year and accounting for over 17 peer cent of all public spending. main attempts to slim the welfare budget do include the introduction from 2015-16 a cap on the department for work and pensions annual manged expenditure which includes working age benefits and pensions the means of testing of child benefits since 2013-14 and limiting the up rating of benefits to !% equating to a cut in real terms.. conservatives do also encourage more people to work, alot of families do not receive substantial increases int heir incomes as they move into work because the rate at which their benefits are withdrawn. to make work pay the government has introduced the universal credit with a standard taper rate of 65% of earned income. the government has also introduced greater conditionality on those claiming benefits for example workfare to make people work ready. the mandatory work activity programme ahs imposed workfare upon some jsa claimant's. further plans for workfare for 18 to 21 year old out of work for more than 6 months have been announced by David Cameron they also introduced greater fairness, steps have been taken to ensure that government does not provide funding which results in those on out of work benefits gaining more than the average household earnings. this is the justification for the benefit cap.

Answer 30

the economic cycle personal experience the media intuitional structure of the welfare system political leadership the views and principles of individuals research does show that the number of negative stories about benefit claimants in the media actually fell from 1998 to 2006 th eeprido during support fell sharply

Answer 31

Edmund Burke wrote that "government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants".(1) Governments have a wide range of possible actions.

Answer 32

A laissez-faire system is an economic system in which the government tries to avoid interfering in the economy; it is closely associated with capitalism. Conservatives argue that a system based upon private ownership (namely capitalism) is superior to the statist alternative for a number of reasons.

Answer 33

it does facilitate those who wish to get on in life. the conservative party has consistently sought to present itself as offering help to hard working individuals and families. in order to back up this argument one could consider policies such as providing mortgage tax relief to the sale of council homes at a substantial discount. -conservatives are also sympathetic towards laissez fair capitalism as they feel it does benefit everyone.. the economic activity generated by those on high incomes is advantageous of all members of society due to economic growth, greater levels of consumer choice and an increase in investment. while the result of the trickle down effect is an uneven distribution of wealth an in income conservatives take the view that such an outcome is both inevitable and desirable. -conservatives also say that the freerer the market the freer the people.. the ability so spend the wealth we earn is an important element of the free market. state intervention within the economy inevitably limits our economic freedom as it does entail the government confiscating our wealth. for instance home ownership does mean that we are relatively free to do as we wish with our property.

Answer 34

-conservatives do take a positive view of an economic system that is based on private ownership. all conservatives do believe that laissez fair capitalism is a lot better system that common ownership of the means of production. the individuals would be a lot likely to respect their own and other propoerty as opposed to the bureaucratic hand of the state. -he/ she had a very clear incentive to improve their homes in terms of its sentimental and financial value. -all conservative do reject the liberal argument that they have a right to property. instead there should be an emphasis son obligations that do derive from private propoerty such as respect for others. -issue of private property is the dividing line between left and right within the political spectrum. the left do disagre as the collectivist anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon argued that “all property is theft.

Answer 35

-does provide us with a sense of security it offer physical and phycological protection from the pressures of the world outside and something to fall back on during difficult financial times. -homeowners have a stake in society as they promote conservative values such as maintenance of law and order. -it does enable us to reflect our sense of individuality and what values are important to our family. -it does also enable us to pass down our wealth to members of our own family.

Answer 36

promoted by the work of economists such as Milton firedmand and Fredrick Hayek principally champions the free market economy. -it does see the free market as the only mechanism that can meet consumer demand for good and services efficiently and widely maximise the use of resources and achieve the greatest overall prosperity. -they argue government intervention cannot solve economic problems such as inflation in the 1970s or properly allocate resources within a developed economy. -government involvement does cause these economic problems or make them worse.

Answer 37

it has to be protected against three main threats monopolies, inflation and government intervention. businesses or industrial int heir view do reduce economic competition leading to distorted prices and consumer choice. -neo liberals does contend that inflation is the great evil in the market economy as any fall in the value of money does discourage economic activity and cause a break in the relationship between price level and demand. -overcoming inflation is they argue the one vital role the government can play in the economy.

Answer 38

-stimulate demand create inflation by encouraging government to print too much money or provide too much credit. -his solution known as monetarism is for the government to reduce inflation by controlling the money supply through cuts in public spending. -Regan and thatcher did pursue monetarist policies to take inflation in the 1980s. -neo liberal approach to economic policy is known as supply side economics to distguish it from the Keynesian focus on demand.

Answer 39

-it is the most potent threat to the free market. -state planning, nationalisation and high taxation are aspect that are all rejected on the ground that they disort the market and contribute to economic problems. -Marget thatcher did embark on extensive policy in the 1980s that transferred state owned industries to the private sector. -thatcher said nationalised industries were inefficient and lacked dynamism associated with the private sector need to generate profits.

Answer 40

in their view welfare and social programmes expand, irrespective of demand due to the vested interest of the professionals concerned (such as doctors, teachers, administrators) and politicians (who promise increased government spending on these service in order to secure votes at election time). The end result is high taxation, rising inflation, and increasingly inefficient and bloated state services artificially protected from the free market competition. a lot of neo liberals do maintain that improve efficiency, public services, and other government agencies should be exposed to the competitive forces of the market economy.

Answer 41

they advocate atomistic individualism (the idea that individuals are rational, self interested and self sufficient) which is clearly linked to the liberal new right belief in free market economics. according to the liberal new right the freedom of the market is the guaranteed individuals freedom. the liberal new right do say that although humans may be selfish, they are rational and entitled to pursue their own interest in their own way as long as they accept others can do the same. this approach to individualism claim neo liberals releases human potential and creates natural harmony through free relations between people. -neo liberals view freedom in negative terms, stressing the need to remove external constraints or limitations on the individual. individual freedom can only be preserved by opposing collectivism and rolling back the state.

Answer 42

they critsice welfare policies for creating a dependency culture and infringing propoerty rights by imposing high taxes on individuals to fund benefit payments. such as system in their views actually institionalises poverty and unemployment and undermines atomistic individualism.

Answer 43

- other element of the new right known as neo conservatism can be seen as a mild type of authoritarianism. -development of neo conservatism was a reaction against the reform ideas, and permissive attitudes of so called liberal 1960s. -the changes threaten society with social fragmentation which can only be stopped by strong political leadership and authority. -both compeonents of the new right neo liberalisms and neo conservatism do agree on the nessceity of reducing the state role in the economy.

Answer 44

-stress authority and the need to preserve society that shows that the conservative new right is influenced to some extent by traditional conservative notion of organismic. -it is a lot more authoritarian than one nation conservatism as it does seek to strengthen society by reasserting authority and social discipline rather than through social reform and welfare measures.

Answer 45

- a need to uphold social order and protect public mortality. They maintain that since the 1960s authority and respect have declined in western nations leading to high crime figures and more anti social behaviour. -argue for re imposition of authority and discipline at every level of society to restores authority of traditional social structures such as family with its natural internal relationships based on hierarchy and parichy.

Answer 46

-do promote strong state or state auhtriasim with increased police power and harsher punishments to Tackle crime and public disorder. -both thatcher and Regan adopted a tough stance on law on order in the 1980s believing that prison sentence did provide hard lessons.

Answer 47

-reject permissiveness suggesting there is no objective right and wrong -the anti permissiveness could stem from the emergence of anything goes culture in some western countries during the 1960s -Margret thatcher did condemn this as she advocated Victorian values and organisation such as the moral majority in the usa did campaign for traditional values. -individual concerned that would adopt a immoral lifestyle is unacceptable to religious elements within the neo conservative ranks in the usa -people should not be free to choose different moral positions as it does prevent the development of common moral standards.

Answer 48

- it does threaten social and national unity by dividing society along ethnic racial and religious lines.

Answer 49

neo-liberalism or the liberal New Right – a modernised version of classical liberalism, based on a commitment to the free-market economy, the minimal state, and individual freedom and responsibility * neo-conservatism or the conservative New Right – an updated form of traditional conservative social thinking, based on a commitment to order, traditional values and public morality

Answer 50

the New Right contains radical, traditional and reactionary elements. Its determination to abandon government interventionism in economic and social affairs, and attack ‘permissive’ social attitudes (the belief that people should make their own moral choices) is clear evidence of the New Right’s radicalism. At the same time, neo-conservatives stress the benefits of traditional values. New Right conservatism also exhibits reactionary tendencies. Both neo-liberals and neo-conservatives often appear to want to turn the clock back to the 1800s, which they regard as a mythical age of economic liberty and moral responsibility.

Answer 51

-living or organic entity with complex interconnections and relationships. any changes will affect other parts in negative ways. -radical or abrupt changes are to be avoided when change is desirable to adapt to a new situation an organic society must evolve naturally in its own speed through small pragmatic reforms to minimise any harmful consequences. -it does defined the established order in society based on a commitment to organicism, hierarchy and paternalism.

Answer 52

-organic society if founded on tried and tested intuitions that in various ways do confer privileges, authority, responsibilities and obligations. - these social arrangements are held in place by custom and tradition accumulated wisdom and experience of the past. -any changes introduced must preserve the best features of society and reconcile them to new circumstances. -reform has to be pragmatic drawing on the lesson of history and tradition to establish practical, effective solutions. -also any implementation of ideological blueprints to bring about an ideal society could only lead to disaster. swift changes do lead to social breakdown and destruction.

Answer 53

-it has to be organise into a hierarchy as people do not have the same abilities, talents and energy so it is natural that society reflect this and artificial that all human should be considered equal. a-all people do different jobs and should be rewarded differently depending on the contribution that they make. -it ensures that everyone works together harmoniously for the overall health of the society.

Answer 54

during the 18th and early 19th centauries the leadership of society was assumed by the aristocracy. traditional conservatives justified this form of elite rule as they say it was natural since for generations the upper class had been raised to govern at all levels and had been educated in the values of social obligation and public service. -they also justify it by paternalism or nobles oblige -longstanding practise of the elite dues ensure those position in authority could drawn class and family tradition of leadership, duty and social responsibility and this is meant that they were best placed to make decision on the behalf o society. -they justify it in other word by soft paternalism in their view other social groups within an organic society accept that the natural leaders are equipped to act in the best interest of all.

Answer 55

its central figure is bejamin disreali, he felt that capitalism did encourage a self interested individualism that undermined the idea of social responsibility and threatened to split Britain into two nations the rich and the poor.

Answer 56

-he did call for conservatism to renew its commitment to the concept's of reform and social obligation -his motives were pragmatic and pricpled. -reforms to improve the poorest in society would reduce the likelihood of large scale social discontent preserving the position of the upper classes. -measures would probably increase working class support -he did maintain that the rich had a duty to help the poor.

Answer 57

organic society did depend not only on top down authority but also on the governing elites acceptance of social responsibility for less fortunate people -in an industrialised society Disraeli did conclude conservative paternalism should now embrace social reform or welfarism to strengthen national unity and thus preserve one nation.

Answer 58

-maintenance of traditional insitions speeches at Manchester and crystal palace in 1872 Disraeli did Signal his determination to uphold traditional British intuitions, such as the monarchy and the church of England. -was based on one nation view such insitions had proved themselves over time, provided stability and offered a focus for national loyalty and identity across the classes. -his defence of these insitions did include creating the title empress of India in 1876 for queen Victoria to link the monarch with British sense of imperia pride. imperialism -at Manchester and crystal place in 1872 Disraeli also praised imperialism arguing that the British empire did allow Britain to play an influential role in the world stage -his support was an important element in one nation as the theme of empire appealed to all classes. reforms to improve condition for the working class social and other reforms were introduced to forge an alliance between the traditional ruling class and the workers and to offset the negative effects of laissez faire capitalism and remove the possibility of revolution.

Answer 59

reforms to improve condition for the working class social and other reforms were introduced to forge an alliance between the traditional ruling class and the workers and to offset the negative effects of laissez faire capitalism and remove the possibility of revolution. examples artisans dwelling act 1875 sales of food and drugs act 1875 conspiracy and protection of propoerty act 1875 second reform act 1867

Answer 60

between 1951 and 1964 successive conservative government in the Uk based their policies on one nation perspective. they adopted Keynesian economic management techniques to maintain high employment accepted the mixed economy and supported an expanded welfare state. -middle way approach tried to navigate a path between unbridled liberalism and socialist collectivism. hard old Macmillian did Coine the middle way in 1938 in his book advocating a form of planned capitalism for him this combined state ownership regulation or control of certain aspects of economic activity with the drive of private enterprise. -another ‘one-nation’ Conservative minister during the 1950s and 1960s, R.A. Butler, argued that government policy at that time was focused on ‘bringing together what Disraeli called the Two Nations into a single social entity’ - David Cameron drew on this legacy when he argued that a new ‘compassionate conservatism’ would underpin his government. - ccessor Theresa May did much the same thing in early 2017 when she called for the creation of a ‘shared society’ that would focus ‘rather more on the responsibilities we have to one another’

Answer 61

-an ordered society should balance human need to lead a free life -humans are needy vunerable and easily led astray in attempts to understand the world around them. -he said in his book leviathan 1651 that almost total obedience to absolute government as the only alternative was chaos. -he said freedom without order and authority would have disaster consequences for human society. -he did create a state of nature where people were equal and free and did not have to answer to any authority. Hobbes did argue under these circumstances humans would exhibit a relentless desire for power, leading to conflict. He did say that it would turn the state of nature into a 'war of every man' -he said life would become 'solidarity, poor, nasty, British and short'

Answer 62

-fearful self intrested and rational people would choose to sacrifice alot of thei rights to return to order and security. -they would enter intro a social contract to establish political authority, surrendering all but one of their natural right (right to self defence) to the individual that they grant authority. -Hobbes did say that government is established by the consent of people who authorise power to do everything necessary to preserve order and peace.

Answer 63

humans are vunerable and needly. people will become violent to get necessities of life and other material gains, will challenge others and fight out of fear to ensure their personal safety, and would seek reputation for both its own sake so that other would be too afraid to challenge them. humans are easily led astray in their attempts to understand the world around them. the human capacity to reason is fragile and people attempt to interpret the world around them ten to be distorted by self interest and concerns of the moment -he said that the best people for a peaceful life under strong government authority to guarantee order and security.. the alternative is to access natural condition of mankind with its violence insecurity and constant threats.

Answer 64

Change has to be undertaken with great caution, mindful of the delicate balance inherent in an organic society. * Tradition and empiricism should be respected because they represent practices passed down from one generation to the next. -he did develop reflection on the French revolutions in France which along with cristing he developed a number of conservative arguments. -he saw that the problem with the French revolution was that it did resent an attempt to create a new society and system of government based on abstract principles such as liberty and equality rather than lesson of the past. -he said change could only lead in chaos or tyranny

Answer 65

- in burk view the state resembled a living organism that could change when necessary through gentle grafting to preserve political stability and social harmony. -reform should be cautions, and take into account the past and be based on tradition and empirsicm. -revolutionary change could cut off society roots and lead to social and political breakdown.

Answer 66

he endorsed tradition and empiricism, which is clearly linked towards organic and gradual change. -in his view they repsented the accumulated and tested wisdom of past residing in society long standing insitions customs and practises so they should be respected. -‘we procure reverence to our civil institutions on the principle which Nature teaches us to revere individual men: on account of their age, and on account of those from whom they are descended’. -according to Burke, continuing respect for tradition and empiricism promotes social continuity and stability. It also establishes an obligation or duty for each generation to protect and pass on the accumulated wisdom of tradition and empiricism to their successors.

Answer 67

-provide society and the individual with a strong sense of historical identity offering people a sense of being rooted in and ties to their particular society

Answer 68

People’s actions should be guided by pragmatism, rather than by ideology. * Theories and ideologies oversimplify complex situations

Answer 69

modern society is both unpredictable and complex. Consequently, it cannot be understood in terms of abstract principles or theories. ‘Rational’ attempts to make sense of society’s behaviour inevitably distort and simplify the facts -the ‘rationalist’ political leader’s impulse is to act solely on the ’authority of his own reason’ rather than practical experience.This encourages the dangerous idea that the leader fully understands society and knows how it should be changed.

Answer 70

can deliver what is in the best interests of the people without overstepping the limits of public acceptance * maintains social stability and cohesion by emphasising moderation, cautious change where necessary, and a sense of historical continuity * is flexible, reflecting complex and shifting social realities, unlike rigid theories and ideologies which encourage dogmatic decision-making.

Answer 71

* People should pursue their own happiness as their highest moral aim. * People should work hard to achieve a life of purpose and productiveness. -she did have a theory of objectivism that advocates the virtues of rational self interest and does maintain that individual freedom support a pure laissez fiare capitalist economy.

Answer 72

he claimed that it off ered a set of principles covering all aspects of human life, including politics, economics, culture and human relationships. In her view, reason provided the fundamental basis of human life and this led her to endorse a form of ethical individualism that claimed that the rational pursuit of self-interest was morally right

Answer 73

Any attempt, said Rand, to control or regulate an individual’s actions corrupted the capacity of that person to work freely as a productive member of society, mainly by undermining his or her practical use of reason. For example, she rejected government welfare and wealth redistribution programmes because the state, in her view, relies on the implicit threat of force to ensure that people contribute to such schemes through taxation.

Answer 74

Rand also condemned all forms of personal altruism (the idea that an individual should put the well-being of others fi rst) because such acts created an ‘artifi cial’ sense of obligation and expectation, and did not accord with an individual’s rational self-interest.

Answer 75

and argued that the unrestricted expression of human rationality was entirely compatible with the free market. She called for ‘a full, pure, uncontrolled, unregulated laissez-faire’ economy, maintaining that this was morally superior to the rest because it fully respects the individual’s pursuit of rational self-interest and is fully consistent with the non-aggression principle . Under such economic arrangements, free individuals can use their time, money, and other resources as they see fi t, and can interact and trade voluntarily with others to their mutual advantage. she said that libertarian conservatives ‘must fight for capitalism, not as a practical issue, not as an economic issue, but, with the most righteous pride, as a moral issue’.

Answer 76

lndividuals in society cannot be treated as a thing, or used against their will as a resource. * Individuals own their bodies, talents, abilities and labour -he did argue for right based libertarian system and a minimal state

Answer 77

humans should be treated ‘always as an end and never as a means only’. -Kant meant that since humans are rational, self-aware beings with free will, they should not be treated as mere things, or used against their will as resources. -he assumption that individuals are inviolable end in themselves, Nozick argued, gives them rights to their lives, liberty and the rewards resulting from their labour

Answer 78

they amount to a type of forced labour imposed on the individual by the state * they treat individuals as a means or resource to further the goals of equality and social justice and, in so doing, violate the principle that humans should be seen as better ends in themselves. he said the only type of state that could be justified is minimal or ‘night watchman’ state with powers limited to those necessary to protect people against violence, theft and fraud.

Answer 79

-it is based on the idea that individuals own themselves their bodies, talents, abilities, and labour and the reward of products created by their talents abilities and labour. -he maintained that it does give the individual the right to determine what can be done with the possession. it does give the person a right to various elements that make up one self.

Answer 80

self-ownership also opposes taxation to fund welfare programmes and supports the minimal state. Viewed from this perspective, such taxation is a form of slavery – in effect, the state gives others an entitlement (in the form of welfare benefits) to part of the rewards of an individual’s labour. Similarly, anything more extensive than the minimal state also compromises self-ownership. For example, a state that regulates what people eat, drink, or smoke interferes with their right to use their self owned bodies as they want.

Answer 81

Multiculturalism is the idea that in a society, there should be a positive endorsement of communal diversity, based on the rights of different cultural groups to recognition and respect. The chief conservative objection to multiculturalism is that shared values and common culture are a necessary precondition for a stable and successful society. Conservatives argue that multiculturalism has led to people from different cultural groups leading separate lives in segregated communities.

Answer 82

Conservatives argue that human beings are limited, dependent and security seeking. By nature they fear diversity and are drawn to others who share the same values, customs and lifestyles as themselves. The essence of a stable society is shared values and common culture, but multiculturalism is based on the recognition and celebration of difference, which directly clashes with human nature. There can be no diversity within unity because multicultural societies will inevitably lead to segregation, conflict and instability. Immigration has increased this concern, with conservatives arguing that recent immigrants do not identify with the traditions and political outlook of the state, leading to a weakening sense of national identity.

Answer 83

For conservative critics, an increase in multiculturalism will lead to a rise in resentment among the majority population. Treating all cultures as equal will damage the culture of the majority community, leading to hostility driven by fear. In the UK, this led David Cameron to argue "We have even tolerated segregated communities behaving in ways that run counter to our values" . In France, President Sarkozy made this point even more clearly in 2011 when he claimed. "We have been too concerned about the identity of the person who is arriving and not enough about the identity of the country that is receiving him".

Answer 84

Integration is the idea that the culture and beliefs of immigrants should be mixed with the culture and beliefs of the host nation. The argument in favour of integration is that this stops there being a 'host nation culture' and a separate 'immigrant culture', but instead culture is mixed or integrated. What this means in practice is that the culture of the country is continually revised.

Answer 85

Conservative critics of integration say that those who argue for a new and inclusive national identity that is not based on nationalist traditions, are in fact demeaning the history and culture of the majority. They assert that critics of those against integration seek to demonise the culture of the 'host nation' by associating it with a history colonisation, racism and exploitation, which makes the 'host nation' look bad. Conservative critics of integration also complain that by favouring 'minority rights' in promoting the interests of minorities, a situation is created in which 'reverse discrimination' is experienced by the majority.

Answer 86

Assimilation is the process of affecting the relationship between differnt social groups in a one-way direction. In assimilation , the minority group are expected to adopt the values and beliefs of the majority. According to conservatives, assimilation creates the strong, homogenised national identity necessary for civic unity. Cultural differences are reduced by forcing minorities to adopt the customs and beliefs of the majority.

Answer 87

One aspect of Neo-conservatism is a concern about the nation, and a desire to strengthen national identity in the face of perceived threats from within and without. The value of the nation, form the neoconservative perspective, is that it binds society together, giving it a common culture and civic identity, which is stronger for being rooted in history and tradition.

Answer 88

Neoconservatives have therefore been in the forefront of campaigns for stronger controls on immigration and, sometimes, for a privileged status to be granted to the 'host' community's culture. Such concerns have widened and deepened as a result of the the advance of globalization. The threats to the nation 'from without' are many and various. In the UK, the main perceived threat has come from the process of European Integration, indeed, since the 1990's, UK Conservatism has at time appeared to be defined by Euroscepticism.

Answer 89

- a new conservative group called managed migration is urging david Cameron to drop his pledge to cut net migration to tens of thousands. -group does claim the support of up to 20 conservative mp, and was organised by mark filed the mp for the cities of London and west minister. Field said that Conservatives for Managed Migration aims to promote "calm and rational debate" around immigration The Telegraph noted that Field said the Conservative's approach to immigration makes non-white voters feel like they are a "mistake".

Answer 90

brexi has been a key issue and as the uk did seem to depart the eu on 31 January 2020, in these circumstances the residence deadline for applications to the eu settlement scheme swill be 31 December 2020. -statics do suggest that there had been a trend towards eu migrants returning to their home countries since the brexit referendum so it does remain to be seen whether the degree of certainty that is now in place will attract eu migrants to the uk in advance of the residence deadline -it was siad that wilst employers shouuld be aware that unregulated immigration advice should not be provided to employees it would be wise to emphasise the need for scheme applications to be made to secure ongoing residence in the uk.

Answer 91

The Conservative Party manifesto included a clear commitment to introduce an “Australian-style points based system” in place of the UK’s current immigration arrangements. The new system would bring EU migrants (who are not covered by the EU Settlement Scheme rules) and non-EU migrants under the same umbrella, with implementation likely to take place in early 2021 after the EU’s free movement rules cease to apply to the UK. -however it should be noted that there is a lack of clarify to what form this will take it is clear that from the conservative manifesto that the system will actually be quite different to the current Australian system in some respects for example a concrete job offer is not always required to secure an Australia visa, but the manifesto nots say that a job offer would be needed under the new system.

Answer 92

The Conservatives have proposed an increase to the Immigration Health Surcharge – a fee payable by certain migrant workers for access to NHS services. This would clearly add to the overall cost of the visa application process. The surcharge was already doubled at the start of 2019 and currently sits at £400 per year for the majority of applicants that are required to pay.

Answer 93

The Conservative manifesto includes reference to a number of bespoke visa schemes. For example, it is suggested that qualified trained professionals with a job offer in the NHS and the ability to speak English will be given “fast track” visa options. There is also a commitment to reduced visa fees for such applicants. The manifesto further suggests that priority will be given to the recruitment of genuine leaders in their particular fields (for example, exceptional technology and science graduates).

Answer 94

Suella Braverman did say ' i would love to have a front page of the telegraph with a plane taking off to rwanda that my dream and that my obsession. -she did also say ' look at migration in this country the largest group of people who overstay are indian migrans, braverman took another gamble that did risk upsetting no 10 in an interview with the spectator in which she said that she had reservations about Britain's trade deal with india bas it would increase immigration in the uk. she said that indian immigrants do make up the largest number of visa overstayers in the uk and crtisted her predecessor priti patel deal with the india government aimed at facilitating migration last year which she did say that had ' not necessarily worked very well'

Answer 95

-sources close to Braverman did say that she was angry that they wanted her to announce a new plan to liberalise immigration rules to make it easier for the office for budget responsibility to say that the government would hit its growth targets. -what did liz truss say about immigration? We have a commitment to control immigration and recognise that, alongside that, economic stability & growing the economy are important. -it is argued that Suella Braverman exit could be down to in November 2022 the fact that she was not happy with the liberalising of immigration policy in the conservative party.

Answer 96

t is understood Braverman was supposed to outline a new immigration policy to the cabinet on Thursday but on Wednesday morning attempted to send a copy of the plans to John Hayes, the chair of the Common Sense group of MPs, which has supported the home secretary. She accidentally sent the document to a staff member of the Tory MP Andrew Percy, sources confirmed. The breach was then reported to the chief whip, Wendy Morton

Answer 97

-there were three categories after brexit, such as sector specific rules based. this is where the government will attempt to match the demand for workers in specific sectors with enough visas to supply the demand. it will low overall immigration but also meet the needs of the uk economy.

Answer 98

-it will give us control over who comes to this country on the basis of the skills they have o offer, nor where they come from. They did argue that there would be three key changes a majority conservative government would make after brexit, for example a point based system it will allocate people into exceptional talent/contribution, skilled workers , sector specific rules based. It was argued by the conservatives that this new system would give control of migration, allow us to reduce total net migration while meeting the needs of our economy and improving the uks productivity. they did say that Once we have ended free movement and introduced electronic travel authorisation (ETAs), we will be able to screen all prospective migrants on the basis of previous criminality, and bar those with serious convictions from coming here.

Answer 99

- a new role for the migration advisory committee, it will be required to publish an annual report via a public letter tot he home secretary, advising the government on how to deliver on its objectives i.e to get net migration down while addressing emerging gaps in the labour market including sector specific advice. -will advice home secretary and would have full discretion over decisions related to the future immigration system. -it will be required to monitor the neds of the labour market n an ongoing basis to ensure that the home sectary had the information needed.

Answer 100

a digital immigration status to crack down on illegal overstaying beyond 2022. -fundamental principle of the new immigration system is that the government will be in control -beyond 2022 all migrants were said to have a full digital status, making it easier for legal migrants to prove their status.

Answer 101

-all visas were said to be limited -all migrants would have to pay the health surcharge for every year of their visa, unless and until they have gained settled status. -would ensure equal treatment of eea and non eea migrants regarding access to benefits, making sure that all people pay in before they can take out..

Answer 102

“The vote to leave the EU was a vote to take back control of our borders, and that is exactly what a Conservative majority government will do by getting Brexit done and ending freedom of movement.“Corbyn’s Labour want uncontrolled and unlimited immigration, placing huge strain on public services like our NHS.” We will be able to create a fairer system, which will attract the brightest and the best from around the world to come here and contribute to our society and economy, while getting overall immigration down.

Answer 103

-the conservative party of Virgina founded in 1867 elected members to the house of repsentatives from two other states (Maryland and north Carolina) since 1962 there has been a small conservative party of new York state. during reconstruction in the late 1860s the former Whigs formed a conservative party in several southern states, but they soon merged into the state democratic parties. -no America party had advocated European ideals of conservatism such as the monarchy, established church, or a hereditary aristocracy. it is characterized best by the opposition to utopian ideas of progress. -all major political parties support republicanism and the basic classical liberal ideal that he country was founded in 1776 emphasising liberty the pursuit of happiness, the rule of law, the consent of the governed opposition to aristocracy and fear of corruption.

Answer 104

-his victory in 1980 the modern American conservative movement took power. -republicans took control of the senate for the first time since 1954 and conservative pricples dominated Reagans economic and foreign policies with supply side economics and strict opposition to soviet communism defining the administrations philopshy. -Regan ideas were largely supported by the conservative heritage foundation, that did grew dramatically its influence during the Reagan years, extended to a second term by the 1984 presidential election, as Reagan and his senior aides looked to heritage for policy guidance.

Answer 105

he bought together a coalition of economic conservatives, who supported his supply side economics foreign policy conservatives, who favoured his staunch opposition to communism and the soviet union and social conservative who identified with his religious and social ideals. -Reagan labelled the soviet union the evil empire conservatives also supported the Reagan doctrine under which the us provided military and the other aid to insurgency movements resisting government aligned with the soviet union.

Answer 106

he did state that freedom is not created by government, nor it is still a gift from those in political power. it is in fact, secured more than anything else, by limitations placed on those in government.

Answer 107

-supply side economics dominated the Reagan era. during his eight years in office the national debt more than doubled. from 907$ billion in 1980 to 2.6$ trillion in 1988, and consumer prices rose by more than 50%. -despite cuts in income tax rates, federal income tax revenues did grow from $244 billion in 1980 to 2.6$ trillion in 1988 and consumer prices rose by more than 50%. -despite cuts income tax rates, federal income tax revenues grew from $244 billion in 1980 to $467 billion in 1990

Answer 108

the real median family income, which had declined during the previous administration grew about 10 per cent under Reagan. the period from 1981 to 1989 was among the most prosperous in America history, with 17 million new jobs created. -1980s would also see the founding of the Washington times, a newspaper influential in the conservative movement. Reagan was said to have read the paper every morning and the papier had close ties to multiple republican administration. -in 1987 after the end of the fairness doctrine, conservative talk radio began to grow in significance, saving a lot am radio stations

Answer 109

-gingrich overplayed by his hand by cutting off funding for the federal government allowing Clinton to regain momentum and win the election in 1966. -contract with America promised numerous reforms but little was accomplished beyond the ending of major new deal welfare programmes. -a national movement to impose term limits failed to reach congress but did transform politics in some states such as California -some people have strongly agued that clinton while a member of a democratic party governed as a conservative.

Answer 110

libertarianism does involve the upholding of liberty seeking to maximise autonomy and free choice mainly in the economy.

Answer 111

self confessed Thatcherites within the conservative party believe passionately in a dynamic economy free from state intervention. they do claim that the free market is both economically efficient and morally superior to any statist alternative. joseph Schumpeter did call the creative destruction of capitalism provides sufficient incentive and reward to enable individuals to fulfil their potential. -in contrast state control of the economy undermines our Entreprenurial sprit. running an economy along socialist lines creates a client state that serves vested interests.

Answer 112

economic libertarians claim that cuts to government expenditure are beneficial in the long term. this is based on the assumption that individuals work harder when they retain more of their hand earned income and wealth. -balancing the books should enable the government to reduce taxation - moreover a flexible labour market is essential in order that then firms can best meet changes in consumer demand. -to ensure this , this coalition government made it easier to hire and fire workers.

Answer 113

-new right position on the economy is relatively straightforward. in essence they do believe that the economy should be left alone and freed from the state interference. -the market is self correcting and would tend to ensure the most efficient allocation of scarce resources. - in addition it would enable the individual to make their own decisions free from bureaucratic meeding. those that supply good and services must respond to the need of the consumer if they want to survive. -if they don't the government should let them fail. -the consumer should ultimately decide which firms survive and which go under.

Answer 114

one nation school of thought does favour a degree of state intervention broadly along the lines of a mixed economy, where as those further to the right of the political spectrum believe firmly in the virtues of the free market. -as such they are therefore close to the position take by classical liberals. -indeed it si revealing to note that the new right and classical liberals were influenced by a lot of the same theorists including ayn rand and Robert Nozick.

Answer 115

the conservative government of Margret thatcher and john major from 1979 to 1997 were greatly influenced by the new right perspective. this influenced their policies in a range of ideas, but in terms of their thinking on families it meant -preference for traditional nuclear family -encouraging Indvidual and parent responsibility(especially parental responsibility) and also responsibility for elderly relatives etc. -encouraging mother to stay at home -concern that the welfare system might encourage non traditional family forms and irresponsible behaviour

Answer 116

described the family as “a nursery, a school, a hospital, a leisure place, a place of refuge and a place of rest” as well as “the building block of society”. This is a very traditional and, some would argue, idealistic view of the family, which echoes much functionalist and New Right thought.

Answer 117

The Children Act 1989 – a piece of legislation that clearly outlined the rights of children The Child Support Agency, 1993 – established to ensure absent fathers paid maintenance for the upbringing of their children (this included chasing down fathers where there was no longer contact, etc.) This also meant that, where possible, money to support lone parent families came from absent parents as opposed to the government.

Answer 118

Married Men’s Tax Allowance – A long-term feature of the UK tax system had been a higher tax-free allowance for married men than single men. Until later in the Thatcher/Major era, married women’s tax affairs were dealt with along with their husband’s, rather than independently, even if they worked full time. There was a change towards individual taxation, to reflect the changed workplace, but the New Right governments tried to maintain a tax allowance for men whose wives did not work, in order to encourage traditional family structures. This was eventually removed under a Labour government (replaced with working-family tax credits for families with children) but has been reintroduced (although today either gender could theoretically receive the allowance providing the other is not earning enough to pay tax). It is ironic that a government led by the country’s foremost working mum should have sought to deter mothers from working, through the tax system.

Answer 119

Proposed changes to divorce rules – there was a wish on the part of the Thatcher government to make divorce more difficult. There was a moral panic in the 1980s that too many British marriages were ending in divorce. The plan was to have an enforced “cooling off” period of a year between separation and divorce, however the plans were never actually put into practice, partly because of opposition to the idea, and partly because of the impracticality of actually enforcing it.

Answer 120

Section 28 – The government introduce a rule, in 1988, that prevented local government from “promoting” homosexuality and included the provision that schools could not teach “the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship.” Here the government went beyond promoting the ideal of the traditional nuclear family to directly attacking and indeed denying an alternative family structure.

Answer 121

Back to Basics – As prime minister, John Major urged a “back to basics” approach, which he put forward as traditional family values. It was, at the time, associated with rhetorical attacks on lone-parents by some Conservative ministers with a clear New Right perspective (such as John Redwood and Peter Lilley) e put forward as traditional family values.

Answer 122

In many ways the governments of this era were swimming against the tide: their ideology was to protect the traditional family, but this was the period when there was the largest growth in family diversity, the largest increase in divorces, the largest reduction in marriages, important changes in attitudes to sexual orientation, etc. While it would be future governments that legislated to recognise family diversity (for example introducing civil partnerships and later gay marriage), family diversity became a feature of UK society under these governments. In that sense, if their aim was to defend the traditional nuclear family, with a male breadwinner and female housewife, then they failed in this area.

Answer 123

Churches are mainstream, conservative organisations that seek to defend the status quo. They seek to be open and universal but are attractive to those on high incomes (the ruling class) who have an interest in preserving society as it is and resisting social change. They have a developed, hierarchical bureaucratic structure. There will be clear lines of seniority in the clergy (who are paid a salary) and hold a number of rules and regulations. The Christian right is notable for advancing socially conservative positions on issues such as creationism in public education, school prayer, temperance, Christian nationalism, and Sunday Sabbatarianism as well as opposition to biological evolution, embryonic stem cell research LGBT rights, comprehensive sex education, abortion, and pornography.

Answer 124

Churches are mainstream, conservative organisations that seek to defend the status quo. They seek to be open and universal but are attractive to those on high incomes (the ruling class) who have an interest in preserving society as it is and resisting social change. They have a developed, hierarchical bureaucratic structure. There will be clear lines of seniority in the clergy (who are paid a salary) and hold a number of rules and regulations. The Christian right is notable for advancing socially conservative positions on issues such as creationism in public education, school prayer, temperance, Christian nationalism, and Sunday Sabbatarianism as well as opposition to biological evolution, embryonic stem cell research LGBT rights, comprehensive sex education, abortion, and pornography.

Answer 125

-it does lean on the fundamental biblical understanding of fallen humanity, which extend beyond our souls to our physical selves our hearts and minds. -Edmund burks picked up on the sceptic view of an understanding of human perfection not being achievable this side of eternity. -conservatives do here not use a black canvas to paint a plan to fit in with the needs of a modern age

Answer 126

-cosnervativsm is the idea that we can learn on the past, that we can devlop learning, support social orgnsations such as marriage and the family and ways of doing thins that mean we do not have to reinvent the wheel. -for conservatives these inherited values from previous generations may take a different from for a modern age but are respected and passed on. -as burke did say we fear god, we look up with awe to kings, with affections to Parliments with duty to magistrates'

Answer 127

- all conservative should be big on the value of trust. as we know from the very beginning we are designed and called to be good stewards, holding all creation in trust from god under ordained authorities. indeed marriage and the family is the key instition at the heart of conservatism, supporting values of trust, sacrifice and service within and between generations. -conservatism is woven with a positive view of the individual. as a student through to being an mp the main attack lines were of conservatives being selfish, materialistic and indvidualstic . the defence i fundamental because conservatism does recognise and fulfils the Christian principle of human dignity created by our loving god.

Answer 128

-conservatives should judge the compassion of society primarily not by the size of the state but by the strength of families and voluntary associations to care for others. -conservatism does respect and values the states to restrain evil and promote good. -conservative would lean on the state to provide law and order and defend our realm. -conservative associations have members that are often more committed to local charity groups and causes. David Cameron called it the big society, Christians would know it simply as being good neighbours. conservative Christians stand on the shoulders of Christian politicians like the earl of Shaftesbury who led factory reform for children and women.

Answer 129

it is a belief that a society or system should be led by an elite -the dominance of a society or system by an elite -the superior attitude or behaviour associated with an elite.

Answer 130

-the power that they hold is not regulated and is independent of the state democratic election process. -elite take positions on corporate boards, join policy discussions groups, offer financial support to foundations and gain positions on think tanks. they are able to exert a great deal of power of the decisions of both corporations and governments.

Answer 131

professor wright mills who is an elitist theorists are sceptical about the importance of pressures groups to democracy. they believe that groups are less that equal. there are few important groups that will always dominate government because they have things in common such as educational background and shared values.

Answer 132

in 2020, Boris Johnson cabinet did include a party of 65 per cent privileged privately educated people, Aswell as serving under an old Etonian prime minister and a Winchester college educated chancellor.

Answer 133

when chief pm adviser breached lockdown rules it did pain a picture of a country run by those that feel that they have the right to set the rule but need not to follow them, that they run the system but are not part of it. it comes over as elitst, the antithesis of a party of effort and reward.

Answer 134

in a democracy there is an argument that the legislative body that does represent the people should reflect the people socially, meaning it should look like the people to ensure that all sections of society are effectively represented in proportion to their size in society. Following the 2019 General Election, 65 or 10% of Members of the House of Commons were from minority ethnic backgrounds. Four MPs from minority ethnic backgrounds were elected in 1987, the first since 1929: Diane Abbott, Paul Boateng, Bernie Grant and Keith Vaz.Of the 65 minority ethnic Members, 41 (63%) are Labour and 22 are Conservatives (34%). There are two Liberal Democrat MPs from a minority ethnic background. More than half (37) of the 65 minority ethnic MPs are women.

Answer 135

Britain’s most influential people are over 5 times more likely to have been to a fee-paying school than the general population. Just 7% of British people are privately educated, compared to two-fifths (39%) of those in top positions. 39% of cabinet ministers, at the time of the analysis in Spring 2019, were independently educated. This is in contrast with the shadow cabinet, of which just 9% attended a private school.

Answer 136

Central to modern conservative values is the idea of individualism. Individualism stresses independence, self-reliance, and the will of the individual over collective action. While the rights of the individual are undoubtedly important, individualism has the capacity to devolve into self-interested and divisive policies

Answer 137

individualism and its effect on American politics and public opinion are especially evident when examining libertarian principles. ibertarianism has gained popularity and political influence within the last seven years with the rise of the Tea Party movement. The Tea Party movement, while not strictly conservative or Republican, “has strong libertarian roots and is a functionally libertarian influence on the Republican Party” (Elkins and Kirby). In some ways the voice of the Libertarian sector has pulled the Republican party even further to the right.

Answer 138

One important factor of individualism is self-sufficiency. For conservatives, this value manifests in a number of ways. One example, and one that many feel is central to American identity, is the idea that every person should be entirely self-made. This tenet is made very obvious by popular disdain for those who receive welfare benefits; many conservatives feel that the recipients are leeching off those who are more economically fortunate. Individualism is excellent for encouraging creativity and countering groupthink.

Answer 139

1- Freedom Having a sense of individualism is having a concrete set of beliefs about yourself. You know what you want and what you don’t. Because of this, you get to do the things that you love without worrying what others may think that free us from too much emotional attachment in our surroundings.2- You’ll Enjoy Life More Of course! Who will not enjoy being free? From a sense of freedom to a sense of being fulfilled. Waking up each day full of happiness because you’re not trap from people’s expectations and judgement.

Answer 140

house of lords does suffer even more dramatic issues with repsentation. more than half the peers are over 70 perhaps not a Suprise given the nature of life peerage but still far from socially representative, while 62 per cent of peers were privately educated, compared with 6.5 per cent of people in the uk as a whole. population of the Uk is 80.5 per cent white and 19.5 per cent Bame, as with the commons minority repsentation and diversity is lacking in the lords.

Answer 141

since the removal of the mainly conservative hereditary peers in 2000 no single party had an overall majority, allowing for a greater range of political opinions and views to be repsented.

Answer 142

-conservative did not disappear from Welsh politics during the twentieth centaury. however the pary did not come close to regaining its status from the pre-democratic period. -at the end of the centaury in 1997 there was another election where the party did not gain a single electoral seat. -the conservative party had always consistently secured a vote in wales that was some 105 lower than in England.

Answer 143

-some structural factors could have contributed to limiting the appeal of conservatism to electors in wales. -individualism and property tend to be values that have greater significance for middle and upper class voters, it may not be surprising that a country with higher percentages of the population belonging to the working class mainly vote for left wing parties. -another factor that does highlight the relative failure of the conservatives is that fact that some of the old features that go back to the tory period such as Anglicanism love of the monarchy and wealth they have contributed to maintaing the perception that the conservative party was essentially an English party.

Answer 144

-care should be taken despite other actors to conclude that conservatism had been irrelevant in Welsh politics. -during the second half of the twentieth centaury, the party secured a foothold in a number of constituencies beyond the industrial areas. -indeed in 1983 the party secured 14 of the 38 parliamentary seats in wales. -alot of these seats were in rural and anglicised areas such as Pembrokeshire, the vale of Glamorgan, the north coast and those areas boarding England, areas described as British Wales by political scientist denis Balsom.

Answer 145

-conservative politicians contributed to many policy developments that are seen in relation to the Welsh language from the 1970s onwards. -For example, the Secretary of State, Nicholas Edwards was key to the discussions that ultimately led to the establishment of S4C in 1980.

Answer 146

More importantly, Sir Wyn Roberts, a former Member of Parliament for the Conwy constituency and a deputy-minister in the Welsh Office, was absolutely crucial to developments such as the 1988 Education Act (which led to the establishment of Welsh as an essential subject in the curriculum and to the establishment of the practice that pupils in Wales study a different education curriculum to England), the establishment of the Welsh Language Board, and also the 1993 Welsh Language Act which contributed to ensuring more prominent public status for the Welsh language.

Answer 147

Although the Conservatives campaigned against the establishment of the National Assembly devolution offered the party the opportunity to re-establish a presence in Welsh politics following its great losses during the 1997 Westminster election. he party’s level of the vote and the number of seats in the Assembly increased in all elections between 1999 and 2011. Indeed by 2011 it succeeded in ousting Plaid Cymru as the main opposition party in Cardiff Bay.

Answer 148

During this period there was a deliberate attempt to try to adopt a more positive attitude towards devolution and also to try to give the party's image a more Welsh flavour. Nick Bourne, leader of the Conservative group in the Assembly between 1999 and 2011, was key to this move. -Another important figure in the context of the development of Conservatism in Wales during the post-devolution period is Assembly Member David Melding. In a series of striking essays, Melding has argued for further devolution for Wales and also the need for fundamental constitutional reform across the UK including the adoption of full federal arrangements

Answer 149

-Melding's arguments reflect elements of Traditional Conservatism figures such as Burke and Oakeshott, in particular the assumption that major political and social changes should not be resisted, but rather embraced in a pragmatic way in order to lay stronger foundations for the future. The presence of individuals such as Bourne and Melding in the ranks of the Conservative party in Wales was all important during the post-2007 Assembly election period.

Answer 150

At that time the possibility of establishing a 'Rainbow coalition' between the Conservatives, Plaid Cymru and the Liberals was raised to oust the Labour government that had been in power since the beginning of devolution in the late 1990s. This is another example of the pragmatic approach that characterises the politics of many Welsh Conservatives.Of course, the rainbow coalition was not established in the end.

Answer 151

in the case of Wales, it is important to note that the National movement’s ideas have included a notable Conservative tradition. A key figure in this context was Saunders Lewis - a poet, playwright and leader of Plaid Cymru during its early years. In his numerous writings Lewis regularly combines nationalist beliefs with a romantic form of Conservatism his famous political essay, the Principles of Nationalism, he argues that Welsh life and culture should be interpreted as part of an old European tradition and that efforts should be made to conserve this heritage through reversal of the great industrialization experienced by Wales during the nineteenth century.

Answer 152

Similar romantic features also appear in some of the ideas of philosopher J.R. Jones, who published several influential articles on nationalism and the connection between language and identity during the 1960s. In these essays there is an echo of Jones' desire to return to a past life, one that was free from the influence of the shallow Anglo-American culture which, by the 1960s, was rapidly gaining a foothold across the most Welsh areas of Wales through the media and TV. There is clear evidence of traditional conservative and emphasis son traditional conservatism both in Wales in previous years, and current times as there is emphasis to keep the tradition of the Welsh language, the labour party does aim to have 1 million welsh speakers, and introducing a welsh language education bill.

Answer 153

in the 2019 election the conservative did win 14 constituencies, this was a change of +7. they shared 36. 1% of the vote, big change from 2017. there was only a small difference in conservative and labour party share of the vote in Wales in 2019, which was a stark difference from previous years. Labour did record taking 40.9% of the vote.

Answer 154

election of george w bush in 200 brought a new generation of conservative to power in washington. -bush ran under the banner of compassionate conservatism contrasting himself with other members of the republican party - he did cut taxes in his 10 year plan that was renewed later in 2010, following major debate. -did forge a bipartisan colation to pass '' no child left behind ' which for the first time imposed national standards on public schools. -bush did expand medicare, and was critised by conservatives.

Answer 155

-September 2001 terrorist attacks did result in American commitment to the war against terror with invasions of Afghanistan in 20011 and iraq in 2003. -bush did win solid support from republican in congress and from conservative voters in his 2004 rellection campaign. -exit polls in 2004 showed that 34% of voters identified themselves as conservatives and they voted 84% bush. -bus did push through large scale rescues packages for banks and auto companies when the financial system was on a verge of total collapse in 2008.

Answer 156

it was in the 2016 republican party presidential primary Donald trump won. -a lot of political commentators did argue that trump was not a conservative but a popularist. -in February 2017 politico wrote that the election of trump and his presidency has split the conservative in the united states. -during trumps presidency he did take stance on free trade which had been a republican ideology since Ronald Reagan. he enacted protectionist policies, aimed at keeping jobs in America rather than outsourcing to other countries. -he did react the stiff tariffs against numerous countries in particular China.

Answer 157

it was in the 2016 republican party presidential primary Donald trump won. -a lot of political commentators did argue that trump was not a conservative but a popularist. -in February 2017 politico wrote that the election of trump and his presidency has split the conservative in the united states. -during trumps presidency he did take stance on free trade which had been a republican ideology since Ronald Reagan. he enacted protectionist policies, aimed at keeping jobs in America rather than outsourcing to other countries. -he did react the stiff tariffs against numerous countries in particular China.

Answer 158

-it was during the covid 19 pandemic republicans have both continued to support limited government conservatism and drift away from it both actions in response to government initated restrictions to the virus -some conservatives have warmed to the idea of using government power to stop business initiated restrictions such as vaccine passports. -in april 2021 governor ron de Santis of Florida did ban businesses from requiring employees and patrons to present proof of vaccination and in November their ability to implement vaccine mandates of workers requiring establishments to allow various exemptions. these policies were seen as contrary to the conservative pricples of the past, those argued in favour said it was necessary to protect people form forced to get the vaccine.

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-new element of conservatism called the tea party movement had emerged comprising of over 600 local units that express dissatisfaction with the government and both major parties. Alot of units have promoted activism and protests. -tea party movement did attract national attention when it propelled republican scott brown to a victory in the senate election for the Massachusetts seat held by the Kennedy brother for nearly 60 years. -in 2010 the tea party candidates upset the establishment republicans in several primaries such as alska, colorado, Delaware florida, nevada giving a new momentum to the conservative cause in 2010 elections, and boosting Sarah Palins visibility,

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conservative theorists such as Justus Moser opposed the enlightenment tendencies and the ideas of the French revolution.

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conservativism is evident in the era of Bismark and otto von Bismark who was a conservative German statesman who masterminded the unification of Germany in 1871 and served as its first chancellor until 1890, in which capacity he dominated European affairs for two decades

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-conservative thought did develop alongside nationalism in germany culminating in germany victory over France in the frasco prussia war. the creation of the unified German empire in 1871 and the rise of the power of chancellor otto von bismark.

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bismarks balance of power foreign policy model maintained peace for Europe for decades at the end of the 19th centaury. his revolutionary conservatism was a conservative state building strategy designed to make ordinary germans not just his own land owning elite more loyal to the state and emperor. -he did create the modern welfare state in Germany in the 1980s.

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his strategy was -granting social rights to enhance the integration of a hierarchical society -to forge a bond between workers and the states so as to strengthen the latter -to maintain traditional relations of authority between social and status groups -provide a countervailing power against the modernist forces of liberalism and socialism.

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- he did implement the universal male suffrage in the new German empire in 1871.. -he was seen as a great hero to German conservatives

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during his time in office German conservative more and more turned to statism ( the belief that the political authority of the state is legitimate to some degree) and paternalism ( where the state does act for peoples own good, even if it is against their will).

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-there was increasing conflict between conservatives and liberalism as promoted by the national liberals and the labour movement repsented by the social democratic party. -conservatives did support the Bismark's anti socialist laws, but also strongly embraced the implementation of a social insurance (pensions, accident insurance and medical care) that laid the ground for the German welfare state.

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-conservatives in germany was shaken by the defeat in world war 1 and the german revolution of 1918-1919 -some traditional conservatives tried to stick to their old pricples, but this was difficult as much of the German conservatism had been based on maintenances of existing hierarchical order, with emperor at the top.

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late 1920s the conservatize/ nationalist dnvp under press baron alfred Hugenberg turned towards far right nationalist polciies, culminating in the co operation with the nazi party during hitler rise to power. -politicians such as Hugenberg, franz von Papen and Konstantin von Neurath did become members of Hitlers cabinet and some such as Franz seldte joined the Nazis.

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all other political parties including conservatives were outlawed. -the national revolution of the Nazi had priority -racist and social changes in german society were not allowed to be stopped by the conservative forces of reaction.

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several conservative opponents of the regime such as former chancellor kurt von schliecher or edgar julius jung were murdered during the night of long knives in 1934. -several notable conservatives were involved in the german resistance, ost notably seen in july 20 plot which did nearly succeed in assassinating Hitler in july 1944.

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- Germany did have to deal with the experience of tolitariansim and its own involvement. protagonists did adopt the ideas of a liberal consitional democracy. -in modern Germany the cdu Christian democratic union and Christian social union in Bavaria csu did claim to represent all forms of conservatism in Germany. there did remain some parties to the right of the cdu and csu for example the republicans. There was also marginal movements to restore the German monarchy, most notably tradition und leben.

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cdu and csu to a lesser extent has turned to centrist polices after German reunification. it has led to emphasis on economic liberalism and social justice. since there was a coalition government of cdu and the liberal free democrat party in 1982 both parties have often been referred to as belonging to the larger centre right faction within the germany party system.

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-major catch all party of the centre right in German politics -Christian democracy has been prominent in western and central Europe, it has been classified as either moderate or progressive form of conservatism -it has a commitment to the social market and qualified state intervention

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-largest party in the Bundestag , German federal legislature 200 out of 709 seats having won 26.8% of votes in 2017 federal election -forms the cdu / csu Bundestag faction. the groups parliamentary leader is Ralph BrickHaus a member of the cdu

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-did succeed in succeeding the pre war catholic centre party with many former members joining the party including its leader konrad adenauer. -generally pro European in outlook -has headed the federal government since 2005 under anela merkel who did serve as party leader from 2000 until 2018. -cdu is led the by the federal government from 1949 to 1969 and 1982 to 1998. -Germany three longest chancellors have come from cdu,, helmut kohl, angela Merkel, konrad Adenauer -party does also lead government of six of Germany sixteen states.

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cdu is a member of the centrist democrat international democrat union and the Eruopean people party -it is the largest party in the Epp with 23 meps -ursula von der leyen the current president of the European commission is a member of the cdu..

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kramp harrenbuaer opposes same sex marriage having compared it to incest and polygamy and support socially conservative policies. -on 7 December 2018 Annegret kramp karrenbauer was elected as the new party leader of the cdu in the leadership election.

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-did resign as a party leader on 10 feabury 2020, after the cdu cooperated with the afd to prevent the election of a left wing thuringan prime minister. it was this that did leave political parties viewed as being too far right. -media reported her inability to enforce party discipline, the party was commplicated by some cdu members toward the parties of the right wing afd and leftist die linke

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-relationship of cdu to csu has parallels to previous Christian democratic parties in Germany, catholic centre party did serve as a national catholic party throughout the german empire and the Weimar republic while the Bavarian peoples party functioning as the Bavarian variant. -csu has been considered more conservative than thecdu -csu and state of Bavaria did decide not to sign the basic law for the federal republic of Germany as they did insist on autonomy for the individual states.

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-csu and bavaria have a separate police and justice system and have parcipated in all political affairs of the Bundestag, the German government, and European parliament. -conservatism is seen as the main idea driving formation of Germany

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marine le pen has promoted ultra conservative views, but has also put forward economic policies aimed at those that are struggling.

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1. A ban on the wearing of headscarves – worn by many Muslim women – in public spaces. 2. A referendum on amending the constitution that would allow discriminating against foreigners for access to jobs and welfare. 3. Expelling foreigners who have not been employed for a year.

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marine le pen did secure 23.1 per cent of the vote in the first round of French election on 20 April coming behind mr macron who did 27.8 per cent ten other candidates were eliminated. marine de le pen did score 41. 5% of the vote in the second round which was a stark difference compared to macron who won the vote of 58.6%

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Natural inequality is the difference between individuals that are products of nature.

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It is behaviour shaped in accordance with practical circumstances and goals rather than theoretical objectives.

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A range of theories that give priority to negative liberty over other values such as authority, tradition and equality.