changing development in the demand for civil rights

Question 1

what was the topeka vs brown case?

Answer 1

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all.

Question 2

what was the significance of the brown v Topeka case?

Answer 2

-was a great triumph for the naacp long legal campaign against segregated education, as it would seem to remove all consitional sanctions for racial segregation by overturning plessy v Fergson
-victory was not total, the supreme court did give no date by which desegregation had to be achieved
-naacp did return to the supreme court and obtained the brown ii ruling that integration e accomplished with all deliberate speed btu there was no date for compliance.
-brown did inspire further actvisim

Question 3

why was the brown v topeka case not a total sucess?

Answer 3

-white citizens coucils were quickly formed throughout the south to defend segregation. by 1965 they boasted around 250000 members. the councils challenged desegregation plans in the law courts and southern politicians were supportive. the kk was revitalised.
-acceptance of brown varied. desegregation was introduced quickly in the peripheral and urban south 70 per cent of school district’s in Washington dc, and border states of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Oklahoma and west Virgina did desegregate schools within a year.

Question 4

what did they rule and what did it effectively show in the brown v topeka court case?

Answer 4

• on 17 may 1954 the supreme court overulled the seperate but equal concept. chief justice earl warren did accept that the naacp evidence did show that segregation was physcologically harmful and generated feeling of inferiority amongst students

Question 5

what was the impact of the brown v topeka case on desegregation?

Answer 5

-by the end of 1957 723 school districts had been desegregated in those areas.
-in the deep south, opposition was visceral
-by 1957 fewer than 12% of 6,300 school districts in those states had been desegregated
-in seven southern states not a single african American pupil had been admitted to a white school

Question 6

what was the impact of the brown v Topeka case on violence?

Answer 6

• south was marked with violent white protests in 1955 and 1956.
  -in Clinton Tennessee in 1956 mobs of white terrorised african American children seeking to enter schools.
  -some southern states did evade the brown ruling by closing all state schools together. prince Edward county Virgina did so in 1959 by offering children private education in their place.
  -formal education was denied to all african Americans for whom a fee paying school was not a realistic choice

Question 7

what was the impact of the brown v Topeka case on political resistance?

Answer 7

-southern politicians signalled powerful resistance to desegregation in 1956 when 19 out of 22 southern senators and 82 out of 106 congressman in the house of representatives signed the southern manifesto accusing the supreme court of abusing its powers.

Question 8

what was the impact of the brown v topeka case on president eisenhower and civil rights?

Answer 8

• he did believe that racial attitudes were so entrenched that it would take a long time for race relations to improve and the brown ruling would make matters worse
• he was temporarily opposed to federal action enforcing brown
  -in September 1957 he was forced to intervene when mob violence and intimidation threatened desegregation of schools in little rock Arkansas
  -Eisenhower did reluctantly order 1,100 army paratroopers into little rock to ensure that african Americans could attend school
  -in 1958-59 governor Faubus did close all schools in little rocks rather than see desegregation in the city it was not until June 1959 that the federal court did rule that this was uncostitional and the public high schools reopened

Question 9

what was the impact of the brown v topeka decision on voting registration?

Answer 9

-alot of african americans were still prevented from voting
-civil right act did pass congress in 1957 but it was too weak, not a single african Americans voter had been added to the voting register in the south by 1959

Question 10

what were the consequences of the supreme court decision?

Answer 10

• supreme court ruling could not themselves brin about major change without wider action by congress to Ensure that the law was implemented in local areas.
  -alot did drew that from little rocks that only direct non violent action would secure the end of segregation and discrimination

Question 11

what was the Sweatt v painter case in 1950?

Answer 11

Sweat v painter was a supreme court case that did successfully challenge the separate but equal doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy vs Ferguson. The case was influential in the landmark case of brown v board of education four years later in 1954.

Question 12

what did the sweatt v painter case involve

Answer 12

The case did involve a black man heman Marion Sweatt who was refused admission to the school of law of the university of Texas, whose president Theophilus paineter on the ground that the Texas state constitution prohibited integrated education.

Question 13

what did they rule in the sweatt v painter case?

Answer 13

but a separate black Texan law school was not equal to the university of Texas law school to which the black petitioner had therefore to be admitted.

Question 14

what was the supreme court case of heart of Atlanta v untied states in 1964

Answer 14

heart of Atlanta motel owners did challenge the civil right act of 1964 by filling a suit against the government in federal court arguing that by passing the act, congress did exceed its commerce clause powers to regulate interstate commerce.

Question 15

what did the owners argue?

Answer 15

The owners did also argue that the civil right act 1964 did violate their fifth amendment rights by depriving them of the right to choose their customers and operate their business according to their desires.

Question 16

what was the result of the court case in 1964?

Answer 16

The court did conclude that places of public accommodation had no right to select guests as they saw fit, free from governmental regulation

Question 17

what was the impact of the bus boycott?

Answer 17

-while the buses had been desgregated in montgomery alabama, the rest of the jim crow strcuture did remain in place in the city
-presidential election of 1956 did largely ignore the issue of civil rights
-boycott did reveal cohesive community action in the face of bitter opposition.
-boycott did make martin Luther king a national figure
-did publicise philosophy of non violent protests
-following the success he did found the sclc in 1957.
-did prove the success of naacp
- it did inspire similar successful bus boycotts in twenty southern cities, individuals such as melba pattilo, more white northern support, more cooperation between black Northerns and southerners
-did demonstrate the power of the black community
-moral was boosted and ku klux klan did respond to Browder v Gayle by sending 40 carloads of robber and hooded members through Montgomery’s black community the residents did not retreat behind closed doors as usual, but came out and waved at the motorcade showing how black morale had been boosted.

Question 18

why was the boycott successful?

Answer 18

• bus company was heavily depdenet on black americans
  -key figures was rosa parks, she was determined to show definance against jim crow laws. the bus boycott was seen as a perfect oppounity for the issue of civil right to be fought
  -was seen as a perfect oppounity for the kick start of the civil right movement after the war.

Question 19

what did the supreme court rule?

Answer 19

-on 13 November 1956 the supreme court did rule that the Montgomery ordinances on setting on buses violated the 14th amendment.
-the buses were desegregated, and the boycott was called off

Question 20

when was rosa parks arrested?

Answer 20

December 1955, the arrest did spark the boycott
-the boycott was meant to last on day but an estimated 17,000 black Americans supported it.
-the boycott did last over a year. the community enthuasim did lead people to appoint a spokesperson who was dr martin luther king
-tactics were used to deter protesters such as violent

Question 21

what was the significance of the boycott?

Answer 21

• it did show the importance and potential of black economic power. black shoppers could not get downtown without the buses, so businesses did loose 1 million. white businessmen did begin to work against segregation.
  -did demonstrate how white extremism frequently helped to increase black unity and determination.
  -would reveal the hatred and determined racism of a lot of white southern, but also the idealism of a handful of southern whites like reverend Robert gartez minister at a black Lutheran church in Montgomery his house was bombed.
  -did demonstrate the importance that the churches did play in the fight for equality
  -did show the counting effectiveness of the naacp strategy of working through law courts and the importance of dedicated Indvidual’s such as rosa parks.
  -would inspire more co operation between northern and southern blacks. a Phillip Randolph did give financial support.
• apart from the buses however in Montgomery the city did remain segregated.

Question 22

what was the freedom riders?

Answer 22

• freedom riders were core activtst that included black and white volunteers, who rode on scheduled buses to test the ruling.
  -their action was designed to provoke a reaction from white racist and the intervention of the federal governments
• one of the activists did include James farmer
  -it did provide the oppounity for more idealistic students as well as whites to get involved in campaigns.
  -core did set out to test the boyton v virgina ruling

Question 23

what was the plan of the freedom rides and what did they encounter on this plan?

Answer 23

-would be to travel the whole distance between washington dc, and new orleans
-those selected for the rides were aware fo the reaction that they could face they were attacked in rock hill south carolina and then in anniston alabama. the white police force did make littile attempt to punish the offenders.
-the worst treatment was however in birmingham alabama the buses were escorted by over 30 state troopers cars and polic helicoperters circling overhead.
-however when they crossed brimingham city boundary all protection did disappear.
-they were now under chief Eugene bull Connor
-one of the protestors jim zwerg was kicked in the teeth

Question 24

when happened during the freedom rides?

Answer 24

-first of the freedom rides did begin in may 1961 when james farmer the national director of core and 12 volunteers did leave Washington dc to travel to new Orleans.
-in missipi 27 freedom rides from the sncc and sclc were jailed for 67 days for sitting in the white only section of the bus station
-more than 300 freedom riders were imprisoned in Jackson alone

Question 25

when was segregation officially ending?

Answer 25

on 22 September the interstate commerce commission issued a regulation that ended racial segregation in bus terminals

Question 26

what was the sncc and how singnficant was it?

Answer 26

sncc did confront a wide range of issues concerning equality and discrimination. it was based on a younger generation of students that were impatient with the lack of progress in the achievement of civil rights.
0 in 1960 four african Americans north Carolina college students did enter a local Woolworth store in Greensborough north Carolina to mount a protest at the segregated lunch counter.
-wools worth did eventually desegregate its lunch counter the following year

Question 27

what effect did the sclc have?

Answer 27

It played key roles in the March on Washington in 1963 and the Selma Voting Rights Campaign and March to Montgomery in 1965. The SCLC also broadened its focus to include issues of economic inequality, starting the Poor People’s Campaign in 1967.

Question 28

what effect did they have in other parts of the civil right movement?

Answer 28

the organization operated primarily in the South and some border states, conducting leadership-training programs, citizen-education projects, and voter-registration drives. they did play a notable antidiscrimination and voter-registration efforts in Albany, Georgia, and Birmingham and Selma, Alabama, in the early 1960s—campaigns that spurred passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Question 29

what was the sncc first victory?

Answer 29

the Interstate Commerce Commission finally mandated the full desegregation of all interstate travel facilities, giving SNCC its first solid victory on a national level.

Question 30

what was the impact of the sncc in misssipi

Answer 30

-sncc finest hour was the black freedom movement in Mississippi. in 1960 only 5.2 per cent of black adults in Mississippi could vote. the southern average was over 30 per cent
-white voter registrants set impossible questions and opened offices at inconvenient hour to stop black voter registration
-there had been no elected black official in Mississippi since 1877. Mississippi whites did spend three times more on white students and 70 per cent of black population was illiterate.
-this combination of shortage of black doctors, segregated hospitals and black poverty did ensure that black babies were twice as likely to die as white babies.
-with no federal government protection against white extremists sncc worked with the local community establishing freedom schools to educate would be voters and get them registered.
-sharecroppers such as Fannie Lou hamer did respond to the sncc 1964 voter registration drive.
-sncc did help to politicise a lot of poor black Mississippians they did develop new grassroot leader, bring back Mississippi suffering to national attention, and also to promote black power.
-they did help to bring missipi suffering to national attention.
-it was known as sncc Mississippi freedom summer in 1964 which was a culmination of a 3 year campaign to empower local communities through vote, good political education but whites stopped a lot of black voting

Question 31

what was the impact of civil right organisation on the march on Washington?

Answer 31

-first time major civil right leaders did collaborate nationally.
-did help to bring about the civil right bill in 1964 the following year from the 1963 march

Question 32

what was the sclc impact in brimingham 1963?

Answer 32

-sclc did feel that it did need to demonstrate that it could be dynamic and successful in the face of competing civil right organisations and the increasing attractiveness of black nationalism.
- naacp and sncc were inactive in brimingham where the local black leader was affiliated to the sclc and king own brother was a pastor. - the Birmingham campaign was sclc first great trimuph. however they did Fail to recruit enough local demonstrators. the sclc did have to use demonstrators in crowded areas to give the impression of mass action.
-sclc did enlist black schoolchildren on the firing line, soon 500 young marchers were in custody which led to Birmingham making national headlines.
- sclc campaign did inspire protestors throughout the south and did demonstrate segregation at its worst to the united states and the world.
-the kenned administration did admit that Birmingham persuaded it to push the bill that eventually became the civil right act. highlighting what important role the sclc did play in help passing the civil right act 1964.

Question 33

what was little rock significance?

Answer 33

-did show that supreme court ruling like brown met tremendous grassroots resistance in practise. blacks tried to push things along more quickly at little rocks and still there was no dramatic immediate improvement.
fabous got re elected four times
-neither local nor national authorities were keen to enforce brown. Fabus did what Eisenhower had always feared and closed the schools rather than intergrade. Eisenhower did not respond. it was 1960 then before central high was integrated and 1972 before Little rocks schools were fully integrated.. in contrast some cities such as Atlanta desegregated to avoid little rocks style violence and publicity
-as late as 1964 only two to three per cent of black children did attend integrated schools.
-the image of black children being harassed and spa at by aggressive white adults in little rock did help to influence moderate white opinion throughout the usa a testimony to the increasing importance of the new television age to the civil right movement. little rocks did draw national televisions crews, on site television was pioneered there.
-the supreme court did ploughed ahead. in cooper v aaron it said that any law sought to keep public schools segregated was unconsitional
they did realise that they needed to rely more on court decisions.

Question 34

what was little rock

Answer 34

governor Orval Fabus did order the Arkansas national guard to surround little rocks high school and ordered to keep black students out.
-the governor was struggling to get re elected, he did decide to exploit racism to ensure re election. central high was reported to be the first integrated school. nine black students reported to central high in September 1957. but Fabus did declare that it was his duty to prevent the disorder that would rise from interrogation.
little rock did happen in 1957

Question 35

students that were involved in little rock

Answer 35

Elizabeth eckford

melba pattilo

Question 36

what significance did martin Luther king play in the civil right movement?

Answer 36

• i have a dream speech in august 1963 is one of the most influential and effective in the twentieth centaury
  -achievements of the civil right act 1964 and voting rights act 1965 are highest point of his power and influence
  -he did lead the march on Washington, he was seen as being a key speaker that did highlight to white Americans how black Americans were treated and felt they were treated.
  -did lead other organization such as the sclc and also did lead the Montgomery bus boycott
  -king growing
  -he did lead the Selma campaign that did bring about the voting right act 1965

Question 37

how important was martin luther king

Answer 37

writing the letter from Birmingham Jail highlighting the necessity of civil rights change
delivering his famous I Have a Dream speech in 1963 at the March on Washington
being an advocate for nonviolent protest in the Memphis Sanitation Worker Strike in 1968

Question 38

why was the civil right act able to become a bill?

Answer 38

• black activsts had drawn the nations attention to injustice, johnson said the real hero of this strugggle is the america negro
  -the naacp labour union and churches lobbied congress incessantly and by january 1946 68 per ent of Americans did favour the bill. congress could not afford to ignore this marked swing in public opinion.
  -the nation was saddened by kennedy death. passing the bill did seem an appropriate tribute.
  -important congressional leaders such as hubert Humphery worked hard on the bill
• president Johnson was determined to get the bill passed.

Question 39

what was the importance of the civil right act 1964?

Answer 39

-would prohibit discrimination in public places, furthered school desgregation, gave the federal goverment the legal tools to end de jure segregation in the south and estbalished the equal employement commission. it would revolutionise the south.
-act did however facilitate black voting

Question 40

why did king decide to hold the march in selma?

Answer 40

-roughly half of Selma 29000 population was black but despite the sncc camping there were only 23 registered black voters and justice department lawsuits remained bogged down in the courts.
king did choose to hold it in Selma as, it would revitalise the sclc and, he knew Jim Clark would react viscously, Aswell as he hoped that it would exploit the divisions within the white community.
the sclc and sncc organised a march from Selma to Montgomery to publicise the need for a voting right act. eighty Alabama whites joined the march. it was known as bloody Sunday..

Question 41

what was the importance of the voting rights act?

Answer 41

-did combat literacy tests
-did have dramatic effect on the south
-by late 1966 only four of the old confederate states had fewer than 50 per cent of their eligible black voters registered.
-by 1968 even Mississippi was up to 59 per cent.
-in 1980 the proportion of registered black voters was only seven per cent less than the proportion of white voters.
-number of black Americans elected to office in the south increased six fold between 1965 and 1969 then doubled between 1969 and 1980.
-the south was transformed thanks to king

Question 42

what was the aims, methods and achievements of malcom x?

Answer 42

• he did aim to improve american lives. his main methods were to advertise and encourage critical thinking on race problems and some have claimed to encourage violence.
  -he was the minister for the nation of islam, he did put forward ideas about black power and black pride.

Question 43

what was black power?

Answer 43

-rejection of non violence
-martin luther king regrded as the tool of the white man
-white people not beign wanted in the civil right movement
-black supremacy the idea that black people should be in complete control of their own destiny.
-demands for more effective and fair implementation of the law
-radical social change especially in housing and education.

alot of these ideas had been outlined by Malcom x during the 1950s.

Question 44

what does malcom x did for the nation of islam?

Answer 44

• he did help to raise the membership of the nation of islam to about 100000 between 1952 to 1964.
  -he did help to set up educational and social programmes for black youths in the ghettos.
• he is credited with re connecting black americans with their american heritage an its responsible for the spread of islam in the black community in the sa.
  -he had crucial influence on Stokely Carmichel

Question 45

what influence did malcom x have?

Answer 45

• did have tremendous influence on young urban black Americans
  -felt that violence was justified not only for self defence but also as a means to secure a separate black nation
  -

Question 46

what was the black power movement?

Answer 46

• did encourage the power of blacks in american life
  -stockely carmichael and other in sncc ddi want to take repsonibility for their own live and reject white help.
  -for some it did mean corrruption
  -black is beautiful
  -did mean for some to take pride in their heritage

Question 47

what was the james meredith march against fear?

Answer 47

-did encourage voter registration
-challenge the culture of fear by white supremacy
-he was joined by marchers, on day 2 mr Meredith was ambushed aubrey norvel. he was shot, the police however did nothing to protect him
-civil right leaders did then march in his place after he was shot completing the trip. while on the trip they were faced with hostility.
-aubrey norvel was later then sentenced to two years in prison

Question 48

what was the impact of stokely Carmichael and the meredith march?

Answer 48

in june 1966 james meredith was shot and wounded while on a protest march to encourage african American voter registration in missipi .
one of the marchers a young sccc activist stockely Carmichael who had recently been released from jail did address a large crowd claiming that what was now needed was black power, as he was sick of going to jail.
the event did prove a turning point in the breakdown of relations between mlk the sclc and sncc. advocates of black power did want separatism not integration and to end cooperation with white liberals. they were perpetrated to condone violence to pursue their ends.

Question 49

what role did Stokely Carmichael play

Answer 49

under Carmichael leadership the sncc did expel whites from its membership in 1966 and core did do the same in 1968.
-the experience of the urban riots in 1968 was seen as an expression of black power and a rejection of mlk approach
-king was loosing control of the civil right movement as the divisions between naacp, sclc and sncc did deepen

Question 50

what was the effect of black power?

Answer 50

• almost overnight black power did grow
  -each person had there own idea of black power
  -not everyone did agree
  -certain communities did believe that it was corrupt, violent, and not the way to get ahead in society
  -there was fear of black power would scare white people. mlk did say that it was associated with a call to violence

Question 51

what did the 1968 olympics show about black power?

Answer 51

• it was when tommie smith and john carlos raised their fists in protest at the 1968 summer games. Australian runner peter Norman stood by them. it would cost them their careers.
  -it was at a time that the civil right movement had given way to the black power movement. a lot of african Americans such as smith and carols were frustrated by what they saw as the passive nature of the civil right movement.
  -they did sought active forms of protest and advocated for racial pride, black nationalism and dramatic action rather than incremental change.

Question 52

what was the motive behind the 1968 olympics stance?

Answer 52

-they did see it as an oppounity to agitate for better treatment of black athletes and black people around the world
-demand did include hiring more black coaches and rescinding Olympic variations to Rhodesia and south Africa both of which practised apartheid.
-smith and carols did decide to compete in the hopes that they could use their achievements as a platform for a broader change.

Question 53

what did smith say about the event?

Answer 53

‘it was a cry for freedom and for human rights.’

Question 54

who were the black panthers and when were they established?

Answer 54

-were established in 1966 sncc did help to establish an all black political party. they did become famous when they used by black panther party for self defence.
the black panthers were established in Oakland California in October 1966 by 24 year old Huey newton and bobby seale, they did adopt a black parliamentary uniform and leather jackets. they did also carry firearms.

Question 55

what were the aims of the black panthers?

Answer 55

they did want an aim that was to end white capitalist control in general and Police brutality in particular their positive demands were economic in emphasis. they did devlop a ten point porgramme which was clearly influenced by the black power ideas and Malcom x some points did include
freedom a power to determine the destiny of black community
full employment for all
an end to robbery for black people