CONSTITUTIONAL FACTORS IN STUTTERING

Question 1

it is a basic physiological tendency that is believed to contribute to personality, temperament, and the etiology of specific mental and physical disorders

Answer 1

constitutional factors

Question 2

What are the four constitutional factors of Stuttering?

Answer 2

Biological, Sensory & Sensory-Motor Functions, Language, Emotional

Question 3

Who established the concept of Dominant and Recessive Genes?

Answer 3

Gregor Mendel

Question 4

Established the concept of “Survival of the Fittest,” wherein the most favorable traits are adapted and evolved.

Answer 4

Charles Darwin

Question 5

What is an “Anomaly”?

Answer 5

A difference from the normal structure/function

Question 6

Some researchers argued that stuttering develops in response to a ___ that has been handed down from one generation to the next.

Answer 6

Critical attitude toward normal disfluency

Question 7

This term refers to the risk of acquiring/having the condition

Answer 7

Predisposition

Question 8

Stuttering & certain disorders are seen as the result of ___

Answer 8

The interaction of the environment and hereditary factors with the element of chance thrown in

Question 9

3 approaches to the study of heredity?

Answer 9

Family, Twin, Adoption

Question 10

A study wherein the family tree is observed and the process of determining which family has more PWS than the other determines the frequency and pattern of stuttering occurence

Answer 10

Family Studies

Question 11

A study on co-occurence of stuttering of both members of a twin pair

Answer 11

Twin Studies

Question 12

Concordance refers to ___ and is more likely to affect __zygotic twins.

Answer 12

Both twins having stuttering; Monozygotic

Question 13

What is the conclusion of Adoptive Studies?

Answer 13

Hereditary still plays a slightly stronger role than environmental

Question 14

These determine various individual traits and are composed of segments of DNA

Answer 14

Genes

Question 15

Wrapped into worm-like structures and is considered to be the “instruction book” in creating chemicals to determine characteristics

Answer 15

DNA

Question 16

Genes associated with Stuttering

Answer 16

1, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18

Question 17

These are factors that are caused by physical or psychological traumas that occur AT or NEAR birth

Answer 17

Congenital Factors

Question 18

True or False:
White Matter tracts are more dense for people who DO NOT stutter as compared to PWS

Answer 18

True

Question 19

True or False:
Grey Matter around the Broca’s Area are thinner for PWS

Answer 19

True

Question 20

This brain structure provides the integration of sensory-motor of speech

Answer 20

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF)

Question 21

True or False:
Brain Function differences indicate slower conduction for PWS

Answer 21

False (Brain STRUCTURE)

Question 22

PWS have greater activity in the RH during?

Answer 22

Fluent and Stuttering speech

Question 23

Which statement is true/false?

There is a great deal of underactivation in the LH structures typically active for speech. This means that the white matter tracts in these areas are typically more denser.

Answer 23

1st statement is True. 2nd is False.

Question 24

True or False:
PWS differ from non-stutterers in showing more activity on the right side of the brain in structures similar to those on left side active in non-stutterers

Answer 24

True

Question 25

True or False: PWS show more right-hemisphere activity during speech after treatment

Answer 25

False

Question 26

True or False: After either long-term or transitory fluency is induced, RH overactivity is reduced and left-hemisphere speech, language, and auditory areas are activated

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Given that there is deactivation of the left auditory cortex during stuttering, the left auditory cortex is in charge of?

Answer 27

Sequential Differences (Duration)

Question 28

Activity of the brain as it interprets information coming from senses, such as sounds arriving via the ears and the auditory nerves

Answer 28

Sensory Processing

Question 29

The way all movement is carried out with sensory information used before, during, and after to improve the precision of movement

Answer 29

Sensory Motor Control

Question 30

T or F: Researchers have been hampered by difficulties in demonstrating cause-and-effect relationships

Answer 30

True

Question 31

T or F: Studying stuttering does have a clear-cut physical basis, and cause and effect can be directly investigated

Answer 31

False

Question 32

T or F: Researchers have turned to indirect approaches, or descriptive rather than experimental approaches

Answer 32

True

Question 33

_________ research is complicated because the differences that are found might be a result of stuttering, not a cause of it

Answer 33

Indirect

Question 34

PWS abnormal speech as the result of the disturbance of feedback - normal speech depends on _________ (position & movement), and _______ (touch) feedback

Answer 34

Proprioceptive and Tactile

Question 35

Studies on how accurately and quickly PWS can identify and judge the duration of auditory signals, as compared to non-stutterers

Answer 35

Central Auditory Processing

Question 36

T or F: PWS have poorer central auditory processing, especially with regard to temporal information

Answer 36

True

Question 37

T or F: PWS are less accurate at identifying under noisy conditions

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Brainwaves of PWS may have _____ latencies and ____ amplitudes when listening to linguistically complex stimuli

Answer 38

Longer latencies and Lower amplitudes

Question 39

Developed by Kimura (1961); simultaneously presented two different syllables (like “ba” and “da”) dichotically - a different syllable to each ear

Answer 39

Dichotic Listening Test

Question 40

T or F: Auditory nerves connecting the ears to the cerebral hemispheres carry more information to the hemisphere on the opposite side than on the same side

Answer 40

True

Question 41

In normal speakers, syllables presented to the _____ ear were most frequently reported as heard

Answer 41

Right

Question 42

T or F: In PWS, they have less right-ear/left-hemisphere advantage.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Dichotic Listening Test is used to assessed ______ between PWS and non-stuttering groups

Answer 43

laterality

Question 44

Most dichotic studies that used linguistic stimuli such as words and sentences, reported that PWS have ____________ for perception of speech

Answer 44

reveresed hemispheric dominance

Question 45

Ancient Greek who stutters, who, improved his speech by orating above the roar of the Mediterranean sea

Answer 45

Demosthenes

Question 46

T or F: Delayed feedback can create an artificial stutter for a normal speaker

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Fluent speech depends on the __________ of the muscles that move speech structures to produce airflow, voicing, and articulation in a coordinated fashion

Answer 47

sensory-motor control

Question 48

stuttered speech is caused by a ________ in the smooth, sequenced muscle contractions necessary for coordinated structural movements

Answer 48

disruption

Question 49

When the brain plans the movements needed to produce sounds: 1) _______ 2) _______

Answer 49

1) uses stored memories of past movements and their consequences in planning what must be moved (muscle memory) 2) when and how to produce the desired acoustic and perceptual result

Question 50

the participant is asked to watch the computer screen for a picture of an object and to say its name the moment it appears

Answer 50

Reaction Time Experiment

Question 51

The time between the appearance of the object on the screen and the first sound or movement made by the participant

Answer 51

Reaction Time

Question 52

Reaction Time involves (3): _____, ______, and _______.

Answer 52

Sensory analysis, Response planning, and Response execution

Question 53

Subjects hears signal, sees image on screen, senses the position of speech structures and tension of muscles

Answer 53

Sensory Analysis

Question 54

Subject chooses word to say, selects phonemes and muscles to use

Answer 54

Response Planning

Question 55

Subject activates muscles in proper sequence to say "bicycle"

Answer 55

Response Execution

Question 56

Differences were more significantly found when using ____________ to test reaction time

Answer 56

linguistically meaningful stimuli

Question 57

T or F: Normal Speakers have slower speech movements and sometimes have abnormal sequencing in the movement of their articulators

Answer 57

False

Question 58

Researchers found more direct assessments of speech processing by _________________ of PWS’ speech movements when they are talking fluently and by _________ of their fluent speech

Answer 58

Examining the speed and coordination (1) and analyzing the sound waves (2)

Question 59

In complex motor coordination, such as sequential finger movements, appears to be planned and organized by areas of the brain, such as the _______ , which is also involved in the sequential articulatory movements of speech

Answer 59

Supplementary motor area (SMA)

Question 60

T or F: RH activity may interfere with stutterer’s dominant (right)-hand sequential finger tapping, which requires input from the LH

Answer 60

True

Question 61

What are the three language factors?

Answer 61

language development language delays language complexity

Question 62

The rapid language acquisition that occurs in all children between the __________ places high demands on brain resources

Answer 62

ages 2 and 5

Question 63

T or F: stuttering usually begins at the very time when language growth is greatest

Answer 63

True

Question 64

Language delays or disorders may precipitate or worsen the stuttering because they deal with two deficits: _____ and _______

Answer 64

speech motor control language problem

Question 65

Production of speech disfluencies - revisions, hesitations caused by difficulties in ___________

Answer 65

encoding & retrieving lexical items

Question 66

stuttering is influenced by linguistic factors such as _________(1), length (2), and ____________ (3)

Answer 66

lexical class of word (1), location in a sentence (3)

Question 67

T or F: Certain grammatical word types (e.g. nouns and verbs), longer words, and words at the end of an utterance are more likely to be stuttered

Answer 67

False (start of an utterance)

Question 68

T or F: Emotional arousal may cause stuttering, but stuttering may not cause emotional arousal

Answer 68

False

Question 69

Generally describes a state of alert concern about a future event

Answer 69

Anxiety

Question 70

Denotes activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for action such as fight-or-flight response

Answer 70

Autonomic arousal

Question 71

Aspects of indiidual’s personality, such as sensitive versus thickskinned, that are thought to be innate, rather than learned

Answer 71

Temperament

Question 72

T or F: Sensitivity may influence physical tension

Answer 72

True